Shiite - Shi'a (English spelling)

Japanese: シーア派 - しーあは(英語表記)Shī‘a
Shiite - Shi'a (English spelling)

A general term for the various sects that, along with the Sunni sect, divide Islam into two. Their numbers are overwhelmingly smaller than those of the Sunni sect. Originally, it meant "Shiite Ali" (the party of Ali), those who claimed that the only legitimate successor (caliph) of the Prophet Muhammad (Mohammed) was his cousin and son-in-law, Ali.

[Shigeru Kamata]

History

After the death of Muhammad, the majority of believers who recognized Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali as the legitimate caliphs formed the Sunni sect, while the Shiite sects claimed that only Ali and his descendants were the legitimate successors and the supreme leaders of the Muslim community, the "Imam," and often plotted rebellions against the Umayyad government. This political sectarian activity was accompanied by religious disputes over which of Ali's descendants should be recognized as Imam and what authority they should be given, and the Shiite sect gave rise to many sects.

[Shigeru Kamata]

Features

Each sect has developed its own theology and jurisprudence, but the theology tends to be rationalistic, emphasizing reason. Imams are given supernatural characteristics, such as esoteric knowledge and infallibility derived from God to varying degrees, their words and actions are said to have divine authority, and their rank is passed down by the appointment of their predecessor based on divine will. As shown by the martyrdom of Ali's son Hussein at Karbala, there is a tendency to see suffering as a process toward salvation. There is a messianic idea that the Imam is currently hidden but will reappear in the future to fill the world with justice, as well as a mystical idea that incorporates ancient Oriental Gnosticism and Neoplatonism.

[Shigeru Kamata]

Sect

There are many sects, but the most representative are the Twelver Sect, which has the largest number of followers in the state religion of Iran, the Ismailis, whose branch still exists today and regards Aga Khan IV (reigned 1957-) as its imam, and the Zaydi sect, which still exists in Yemen. The Zaydi sect is founded by Zayd ibn Ali, the grandson of Hussein, and is a sect that spread to the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. It has a moderate doctrine similar to that of the Sunni sect, and requires that imams be of Muhammad's family, capable of taking up the sword in times of emergency, and have academic knowledge, and there is no concept of succession by designation. It is strongly influenced by rationalistic Mu'tazila theology, and rejects esoteric teachings. Other religions and sects that developed based on Shiite ideology include the Druze and Nusayri (Alawite) sects in Syria, the Ahle Haqq (Ali Ilahi) sect in Iran, the Babism, and the Bahai faith which emerged from it.

[Shigeru Kamata]

[References] | Ismaili | Twelver | Sunni | Bahai
Shiite/Imam's Genealogy
©Shogakukan ">

Shiite/Imam's Genealogy


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

スンニー派とともにイスラム教を二分する諸分派の総称。スンニー派に比しその数は圧倒的に少ない。元来は、預言者ムハンマド(マホメット)の正当な後継者(カリフ)は彼の従兄弟(いとこ)で女婿のアリーのみであると主張する者たち、すなわち「シーア・アリー」(アリーの党派)を意味した。

[鎌田 繁]

沿革

ムハンマドの没後、アブー・バクル、ウマル、ウスマーン、アリーを正統カリフとして承認した大多数の信者がスンニー派を形成したのに対し、シーア各派はアリーと彼に続くその子孫たちのみが正当な後継者、ムスリム共同体の最高指導者「イマーム」であると主張し、ウマイヤ朝政府にしばしば反乱を企てた。この政治的な分派活動はアリーの子孫のうちだれをイマームとして認め、どのような権能を与えるかという宗教論争を伴い、シーア派は多くの分派を生み出した。

[鎌田 繁]

特徴

各派は独自の神学、法学を発展させているが、その神学は理性を重視する合理主義的傾向が強い。イマームには神に由来する秘教的知識や無謬(むびゅう)性という超自然的性格がさまざまな度合いで与えられ、その言行は神的権威をもつとされ、その位は神意に基づいた前任者の指名によって伝えられる。アリーの子フサインのカルバラーでの殉教が示すように、受難を救いへの一過程とみる傾向がある。現在はイマームは隠れているが将来ふたたび現れ、この世を正義で満たすというメシア思想や、古代オリエントのグノーシス主義や新プラトン主義を受容した神秘思想がみいだされる。

[鎌田 繁]

分派

多くの分派があるが、代表的なものには、イランの国教でもっとも信者数の多い十二イマーム派、現在もアーガー・ハーン4世(在位1957~ )をイマームと仰ぐ支派が存続するイスマーイール派、イエメンに現在も存続するザイド派などがある。ザイド派はフサインの孫、ザイド・イブン・アリーを祖とし、カスピ海南岸に広まった一派である。スンニー派に近い穏健な教義をもち、ムハンマドの一族であること、有事に剣をとる能力、そして学識があることをイマームの条件としており、指名による相続の観念はない。合理主義的なムゥタジラ派神学の影響が強く、秘教的教説を拒む。このほか、シーア派の思想を母体にして発達した宗教や宗派には、シリアにおけるドルーズ教およびヌサイリー(アラウィー)派、イランにおけるアハレ・ハック(アリー・イラーヒー)派、バーブ教、それから生まれたバハーイ教などがある。

[鎌田 繁]

[参照項目] | イスマーイール派 | 十二イマーム派 | スンニー派 | バハーイ教
シーア派/イマームの系図
©Shogakukan">

シーア派/イマームの系図


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