Abd (English spelling)

Japanese: アブド（英語表記）`Abd

Slaves under Islamic law. Strictly speaking, they are male slaves, and female slaves are called 'Abda. Legally, they were nothing but the property of their master, but they were authorized to enter into contracts and assume debts within the scope of their delegation as agents of their master. Under Islamic law, slaves are defined as: (1) non-Muslims who were taken prisoner in war, (2) children of female slaves whose fathers were not slaves or whose fathers were not the masters of the female slave mother, and (3) persons who were purchased. Thus, even though Islamic society was established in the Middle Ages, slavery was still legally in existence, and the slave class and slavery system were firmly established, and it was not possible to completely abandon the legacy of ancient times. However, male and female slaves were allowed to legally marry both free and unfree slaves, and were also allowed to acquire freedom through contractual emancipation. In some cases, emancipation was also permitted by the will of the deceased master.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

イスラム法上の奴隷。厳密には男の奴隷をいい，女の奴隷は「アブダ」'Abdaという。法律上，主人の所有財産以外のなにものでもないとされたが，主人の代理として委任された範囲内でなら，取引の契約を結び，負債を引受ける資格を認められていた。イスラム法上，奴隷の規定には，(1) 戦争の捕虜となった非イスラム教徒，(2) 女奴隷の子であって，父が奴隷であるか，父が母たる女奴隷の主人でない者，(3) 購入された者，となっている。このように，イスラム社会は中世に成立したにもかかわらず，法的に奴隷が厳存し，奴隷階級および奴隷制度が確立していて，古代以来の遺制を捨てきれずにいた。しかし奴隷の男女は，自由人とも自由でない者とも適法な婚姻を行うことを認められ，また契約解放の形式で，自由を獲得することも認められた。また，死亡した主人の遺言により，解放を許される場合もある。

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