Rebellion of the Three Domains

A rebellion by Han Chinese generals in China's Qing Dynasty from 1673 to 1681. The Three Feudal Lords were Wu Sangui of Yunnan, Shang Zhixin of Guangdong, and Geng Jingzhong of Fujian. The Qing Dynasty, a Manchu government, used many surrendered Han Chinese to rule China, and many of them were incorporated into the "Eight Banner Han Army." However, Wu Sangui, Shang Kexi (father of Zhixin), and Geng Zhongming (grandfather of Jingzhong) each had many soldiers under their command and made great contributions to the war to pacify China, so their military corps were not disbanded even after the pacification. Sangui was appointed King of Pingxi in Yunnan, Kexi was appointed King of Pingnan in Guangdong, and Jimao (son of Zhongming) was appointed King of Jingnan in Fujian. Each established a feudal government, acquired military and financial powers, and eventually became an independent government that ignored the intentions of the central government. The existence of these three feudal domains was not acceptable to the Qing dynasty after it had taken control of the whole of China, and in 1673, Shang Kexi requested that he retire to Liaodong, and the Qing dynasty ordered the withdrawal of the three feudal domains. As a result, Sangui raised an army, Jingzhong responded in 1674, and Zhixin surrendered to Sangui in 1676. Anti-Qing forces from various regions also joined in, and at one time the area south of the Yangtze River came under the control of the three feudal domains. However, there was no unified movement among the three feudal domains, and from around 77, the Qing army continued to attack, leading to the death of Sangui in Hunan in August 78 and the suicide of his successor Wu Shihuan in 81, resulting in the suppression of the rebellion. It can be said that the Qing's rule over China was established after the suppression of this rebellion.

[Yoshio Hosoya]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、清(しん)朝の1673～81年の、漢人将軍の反乱。三藩とは雲南の呉三桂(ごさんけい)、広東(カントン)の尚之信(しょうししん)、福建の耿精忠(こうせいちゅう)をいう。満州人政権である清朝は、中国支配にあたって多くの投降漢人を使用したが、その多くが「八旗漢軍」に編入された。しかし、呉三桂、尚可喜(かき)（之信の父）、耿仲明(ちゅうめい)（精忠の祖父）の3人は、それぞれ配下に多くの将兵をもち、中国平定戦争に大功があったため、平定後もその軍団は解体されずに、三桂は雲南に平西王、可喜が広東に平南王、継茂(けいも)（仲明の子）が福建に靖南(せいなん)王として封ぜられ、それぞれ藩府を開き、軍事、財政権を有して、やがて中央政府の意向を無視する独立政権的存在となった。このような三藩の存在は、中国全土を支配下に収めたのちの清朝の容認しうるものではなく、1673年の尚可喜の遼東(りょうとう)への引退願いに端を発して、清朝は三藩の撤藩を命じた。このため三桂が挙兵し、74年に精忠が呼応、76年には之信が三桂に投降した。各地の反清勢力も加わって、一時は揚子江(ようすこう)以南が三藩の支配下となった。しかし、三藩の間に統一した動きはなく、77年ごろから清軍の攻勢が続き、78年8月に湖南で三桂が没し、後継者の呉世璠(せいはん)も81年に自殺し鎮圧された。この乱の鎮圧以後に清の中国支配が確立したといえる。

［細谷良夫］

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