Samurai-dokoro

It is also called "saburaidokoro." In the Heian period, it referred to the place where the samurai who served the princes, regents, and nobles and were in charge of household affairs would attend to, as well as the barracks for the guards.

With the establishment of the Kamakura Shogunate, it became a government institution, and in 1180 (Jisho 4), Wada Yoshimori was appointed as the chief betto (betto), and Kajiwara Kagetoki as the vice-chief shoshi (shoshi), to control the Gokenin (vassals) and guard the city of Kamakura. After the Wada clan was wiped out in 1213 (Kenpo 1), the betto position became the concurrent position of Hojo clan regent, and the shoshi position became hereditary to the Nagasaki clan, vassals of the Hojo clan. In the latter half of the 13th century, it came to have a criminal court function known as kendanzata, and its practical work was handled by bugyonin (magistrates) led by tonin (shoshi).

The Muromachi Shogunate also established a Samurai-dokoro following the Kamakura Shogunate system, but no betto was appointed, and the shoshi was made the chief. The Samurai-dokoro shoshi, who was responsible for certifying military merit during battles, was a high-ranking position and was appointed by the Shogun's trusted subordinate. In the second half of the 14th century, it absorbed the authority over public order, police, and civil courts in Kyoto that had been controlled by the Kebiishicho, and it became customary for the Samurai-dokoro shoshi to also serve as Yamashiro no Kuni Shugoshiki, and the Samurai-dokoro became an institution of Kyoto's city government. In the 15th century, the shoshi was appointed in rotation from the four families of Akamatsu, Kyogoku, Isshiki, and Yamana, and they were called the Shishiki.

During the Edo period, the Kyoto Shoshidai, who were descended from the Samurai Shoshi, were in charge of guarding Kyoto.

[Kouen Kuwayama]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

「さぶらいどころ」ともいう。平安時代では親王・摂関・公卿(くぎょう)家に仕えて家務をつかさどった家人(けにん)らの伺候する所、また警護にあたった武士の詰所をいった。

　鎌倉幕府の開創とともに政務機関となり、1180年（治承4）和田義盛(よしもり)を長官である別当(べっとう)に、梶原景時(かじわらかげとき)を次官である所司(しょし)に任じて、御家人(ごけにん)の統制と鎌倉市中の警備にあたらせた。1213年（建保1）和田氏一族が滅びてのちは、別当は北条氏執権の兼務、所司は北条氏の家臣である長崎氏の世襲するところとなった。13世紀後半に至り、検断沙汰(けんだんざた)とよばれる刑事裁判機能をもつようになり、その実務は頭人(とうにん)（所司）に率いられた奉行人(ぶぎょうにん)が担当した。

　室町幕府も鎌倉幕府の制に倣い侍所を設けたが、別当は任じられず、所司が長官とされた。戦闘の際の戦功認定などを行う侍所所司は重職で、将軍の腹心の部将が任じられた。14世紀後半になると、それまで検非違使庁(けびいしちょう)が掌握していた京都市中の治安、警察、民事裁判などの権能を吸収し、一方、侍所所司が山城国守護職(やましろのくにしゅごしき)を兼務するのが例となって、侍所は京都の市政機関となった。15世紀になると、赤松(あかまつ)、京極(きょうごく)、一色(いっしき)、山名(やまな)の4家から交替で所司が任じられることになり、四職(ししき)とよばれた。

　なお江戸時代には侍所所司に系譜を引く京都所司代が京都の警衛にあたった。

［桑山浩然］

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