Whittaker, RH

Japanese: Whittaker,R.H.(英語表記)WhittakerRH
Whittaker, RH

...Therefore, the climaxes are diverse but not mosaic-like, and simply show a pattern that corresponds to the pattern of change in the environmental gradient as a whole, and each climax is relative. Based on the vegetation continuity theory, which does not recognize the unity of plant communities, it was established by American RH Whittaker as a criticism of the above two theories. Considering the red pine forests on the ridges and the beech forests on the mountainside in the temperate zone of Japan, the climax pattern theory holds that the dominant red pine and beech species, as well as other constituent species, have a mountain-shaped distribution in the environmental gradient from the ridge to the mountainside, overlapping over a wide area, and that even though they show two trends as a whole, there is no break between them, and they transition gradually. ...

From [Plant Community]

...This theory is called the vegetation unit theory because it recognizes discontinuity in communities. The other theory, represented by the Americans JT Curtis and RH Whittaker, is the vegetation continuity theory, which states that plant communities are represented as overlapping species that are suitable for the environment, and that there are no breaks in plant communities unless there is a discontinuity in the environment. The species diversity of plant communities varies greatly depending on the community. ...

From Ecological Efficiency

...Net production varies greatly depending on the life cycle. RH Whittaker compiled these data to estimate the energy efficiency of primary producers on Earth, which was 0.6% for gross production and 0.27% for net production, revealing that the amount of solar energy available to humans as consumers is surprisingly small. LB Slobodkin also estimated that the ecological efficiency of animal populations is mostly in the 5-20% range. ...

From [Biological Production]

...The International Biological Programme (IBP), which began in 1965 with the participation of researchers from about 60 countries, aimed to clarify the basis of food production on Earth, and focused extensively on research into biological production. Based on the results of this research, the estimate compiled by RH Whittaker and GE Likens in 1973 is currently the most widely cited (Table). According to this, the net production of organic matter currently being produced each year on Earth is about 170 billion tons per year, of which two-thirds is produced on land and one-third in the ocean. ...

*Some of the terminology that mentions "Whittaker, RH" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…したがって極相は多様であるがモザイク的ではなく,環境傾度の変化のパターンに対応したパターンを全体として示すにすぎず,どの極相も相対的であるという考え。植物群落の単位性を認めない植生連続説に基づいて,前記2説を批判するものとして,アメリカのホイッタカーR.H.Whittakerによって打ち立てられた。日本の温帯の尾根のアカマツ林と山腹のブナ林を考えると,極相パターン説では,優占種のアカマツとブナや他の構成種は,尾根から山腹へという環境傾度の中でそれぞれ山型の分布をしながら互いに広い範囲で重なり合い,全体として二つの傾向を示してもその間に切れ目はなく,漸次移行すると考える。…

【植物群落】より

…これは群落の不連続性を認めるので植生単位説といわれている。もう一つは,アメリカのカーティスJ.T.CurtisとホイッタカーR.H.Whittakerに代表されるもので,植物群落は環境に適して分布するそれぞれの種の重なりとしてあらわされるので,環境に不連続がないかぎり植物群落には切れめがないとする植生連続説である。 植物群落の種多様性は群落により大きく異なる。…

【生態学的効率】より

…純生産については生活型により変動が大きくなる。ホイッタカーR.H.Whittakerはこれらの資料をまとめて地球上の一次生産者によるエネルギー効率を推定しているが,それによると総生産では0.6%,純生産では0.27%となっており,消費者である人間が利用できる太陽エネルギーが意外に少ないことが明らかとなった。また,スロボトキンL.B.Slobodkinは,動物個体群における生態効率は,5~20%に大部分が入ることを予測している。…

【生物生産】より

…世界約60ヵ国の研究者が参加して1965年からはじめられた国際生物学事業計画(IBP)は地球上の食料生産の基礎を明らかにしようとしたもので,生物生産の研究が大きくとり上げられた。この研究の結果を背景に,ホイッタカーR.H.WhittakerとライケンズG.E.Likensが73年にまとめた推定値が現在最も広く引用されている(表)。これによると現在地球上で年々新しく作られる有機物量は純生産で約1700億t/年であり,このうち2/3は陸上で,1/3は海洋で生産されている。…

※「Whittaker,R.H.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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