Born October 2, 1832 in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland) Died May 29, 1897. German botanist in Würzburg. After graduating from the gymnasium, he became assistant to J. Purkinje, professor of physiology at the University of Prague, and obtained his doctorate in 1856. After working at the Agricultural Research Institute, he became professor at the University of Freiburg (1867) and the University of Würzburg (1868). From 1862 to 1864, he demonstrated that starch granules, which had been thought to be the precursor of chloroplasts, are the product of photosynthesis, and clarified that plants convert absorbed carbon dioxide into organic matter in the presence of light (carbon dioxide fixation) through the formation of starch. In 1865, he showed that chlorophyll is not scattered throughout the cell, but is incorporated into the chloroplasts. Through this series of studies, Sachs established the basis for the cytological and biochemical study of photosynthesis. He also pioneered the observation of plant growth and movement under controlled experimental conditions by artificially adjusting environmental factors (light, temperature, etc.), and invented a number of measuring instruments, including a device for measuring growth rate, and used them to investigate the effects of various factors on growth, pioneering the field of research known as growth physiology. His idea that growth occurs when the pressure of water contained in cells acts on the cell wall, expanding it and causing the cell to expand, is the basis for understanding growth today. His Lehrbuch der Botanik (Textbook on Botany), published in 1968, was the first textbook to link various fields of plant research and treat botany as a unified science. It was translated into English and widely read. His Geschichte der Botanik (History of Botany) (75) is still used today as a guide to the history of botany. Zack |
[生]1832.10.2. ブレスラウ(現ポーランド,ウロツワフ) [没]1897.5.29. ウュルツブルク ドイツの植物学者。ギムナジウム終了後,プラハ大学生理学教授 J.プルキニェの助手となり,1856年学位取得。農業研究所勤務ののち,フライブルク大学教授 (1867) ,ウュルツブルク大学教授 (68) 。 62~64年に,それまで葉緑体の前身と思われていたデンプン粒が光合成の産物であることを実証し,植物ではデンプンの形成という様式をとって,光の存在下で吸収した炭酸ガスを有機物に転化すること (炭酸固定) が行われていることを明らかにした。 65年には,葉緑素は細胞内全域に散在するのではなく,葉緑体の中に組込まれた状態で存在することを示した。ザックスはこれら一連の研究で,光合成を細胞学的,生化学的に研究するための基礎を確立した。また,環境要因 (光,温度など) を人為的に調節して統制された実験条件下で植物の生長や運動を観察することを創始し,他方,生長速度を測定する装置など数々の測定機器を考案し,それらを駆使して生長に対する諸因子の作用を調べ,生長生理学と呼ばれる研究領域を開拓した。細胞に含まれる水の圧力が細胞壁に作用してこれを拡張し,細胞の拡大を招くことによって生長が起ると説いた彼の考え方は,今日生長を理解するうえでの基本となっている。 68年に著わした『植物学教科書』 Lehrbuch der Botanikは,植物を対象とする諸研究分野を関連づけ,植物学を一つのまとまった科学として取扱った最初の教科書であり,英訳もされて広く読まれた。また『植物学の歴史』 Geschichte der Botanik (75) は今日なお,植物学史を学ぶための手引として利用されている。 ザックス
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