Julius von Sachs

Japanese: ザックス(英語表記)Sachs, Julius von
Julius von Sachs
Born October 2, 1832 in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland)
Died May 29, 1897. German botanist in Würzburg. After graduating from the gymnasium, he became assistant to J. Purkinje, professor of physiology at the University of Prague, and obtained his doctorate in 1856. After working at the Agricultural Research Institute, he became professor at the University of Freiburg (1867) and the University of Würzburg (1868). From 1862 to 1864, he demonstrated that starch granules, which had been thought to be the precursor of chloroplasts, are the product of photosynthesis, and clarified that plants convert absorbed carbon dioxide into organic matter in the presence of light (carbon dioxide fixation) through the formation of starch. In 1865, he showed that chlorophyll is not scattered throughout the cell, but is incorporated into the chloroplasts. Through this series of studies, Sachs established the basis for the cytological and biochemical study of photosynthesis. He also pioneered the observation of plant growth and movement under controlled experimental conditions by artificially adjusting environmental factors (light, temperature, etc.), and invented a number of measuring instruments, including a device for measuring growth rate, and used them to investigate the effects of various factors on growth, pioneering the field of research known as growth physiology. His idea that growth occurs when the pressure of water contained in cells acts on the cell wall, expanding it and causing the cell to expand, is the basis for understanding growth today. His Lehrbuch der Botanik (Textbook on Botany), published in 1968, was the first textbook to link various fields of plant research and treat botany as a unified science. It was translated into English and widely read. His Geschichte der Botanik (History of Botany) (75) is still used today as a guide to the history of botany.

Zack
Sachs, Nelly

Born: December 10, 1891 in Berlin
Died: May 12, 1970. Stockholm. German female poet. 1966 Nobel Prize in Literature winner. Born into a wealthy Jewish family, she grew up studying music and dance. In 1940, with the help of the Swedish writer Lagerlöf, with whom she had been corresponding since she was 15, she escaped from Nazi persecution and went into exile in Stockholm. From this point on, the poet, who had been raised in seclusion, as it were, was assailed by harsh reality and became aware of the suffering of the Jewish people. These experiences were directly reflected in her works, and later they were gradually heightened and began to express deep religious feelings. His poetry collections include In den Wohnungen des Todes (1947), Sternverdunkelung (49), Flucht und Verwandlung (59), Die Suchende (66), and Teile dich Nacht (71). He also wrote a mystery play called Eli (50).

Zack
Sachs, Hans

Born: November 5, 1494, Nuremberg
Died January 19, 1576. German mastersinger and playwright from Nuremberg. He was the central figure in Wagner's musical drama Der Meistersinger von Nuremberg. He studied at a Latin school and later became a shoemaker's master. During that time he trained as a master songwriter. He showed an interest in the Protestant Reformation and supported Luther in his poem Die wittenbergisch Nachtigall (1523), which led to him being criticized for a time and having its publication banned. He later became more interested in humanism and engaged in a wide range of creative endeavors. Drawing on the Bible and collections of stories, he left behind over 4,000 master songwriters, carnival plays such as Das Narrenschneiden (36) and Der farend Schüler im Paradeiss (50), as well as comedies, dialogues, and allegorical poems.

Zack
Sachs, Curt

Born: June 29, 1881 in Berlin
[Died] February 5, 1959. Born in New York, Germany. Musicologist. An authority on ancient musical instruments and comparative music. Professor at the University of Berlin from 1919 to 1933. In 1933 he fled Nazi Germany and went to Paris, and in 1937 he emigrated to the United States. He was a professor at New York University and president of the American Musicological Society. His major works include Real-Lexikon der Musikinstrumente (1913), Eine Weltgeschichte des Tanzes (33), and The History of Musical Instruments (40).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1832.10.2. ブレスラウ(現ポーランド,ウロツワフ)
[没]1897.5.29. ウュルツブルク
ドイツの植物学者。ギムナジウム終了後,プラハ大学生理学教授 J.プルキニェの助手となり,1856年学位取得。農業研究所勤務ののち,フライブルク大学教授 (1867) ,ウュルツブルク大学教授 (68) 。 62~64年に,それまで葉緑体の前身と思われていたデンプン粒が光合成の産物であることを実証し,植物ではデンプンの形成という様式をとって,光の存在下で吸収した炭酸ガスを有機物に転化すること (炭酸固定) が行われていることを明らかにした。 65年には,葉緑素は細胞内全域に散在するのではなく,葉緑体の中に組込まれた状態で存在することを示した。ザックスはこれら一連の研究で,光合成を細胞学的,生化学的に研究するための基礎を確立した。また,環境要因 (光,温度など) を人為的に調節して統制された実験条件下で植物の生長や運動を観察することを創始し,他方,生長速度を測定する装置など数々の測定機器を考案し,それらを駆使して生長に対する諸因子の作用を調べ,生長生理学と呼ばれる研究領域を開拓した。細胞に含まれる水の圧力が細胞壁に作用してこれを拡張し,細胞の拡大を招くことによって生長が起ると説いた彼の考え方は,今日生長を理解するうえでの基本となっている。 68年に著わした『植物学教科書』 Lehrbuch der Botanikは,植物を対象とする諸研究分野を関連づけ,植物学を一つのまとまった科学として取扱った最初の教科書であり,英訳もされて広く読まれた。また『植物学の歴史』 Geschichte der Botanik (75) は今日なお,植物学史を学ぶための手引として利用されている。

ザックス
Sachs, Nelly

[生]1891.12.10. ベルリン
[没]1970.5.12. ストックホルム
ドイツの女流詩人。 1966年ノーベル文学賞受賞。裕福なユダヤ人家庭に生れ,音楽と舞踊を学びながら育った。 40年,15歳のときから文通をしていたスウェーデンの作家ラーゲルレーブの助けをかりて,ナチスの追及を逃れ,ストックホルムに亡命。このときからいわば「深窓育ち」のこの詩人につらい現実が襲いかかり,ユダヤ民族の苦難に目ざめていく。これらの体験は直接的に作品に現れ,のちには次第に高められ,深い宗教的感情をたたえるようになる。詩集に『死神の住処で』 In den Wohnungen des Todes (1947) ,『星の食』 Sternverdunkelung (49) ,『逃亡と変身』 Flucht und Verwandlung (59) ,『たずねる女』 Die Suchende (66) ,『開け,夜よ』 Teile dich Nacht (71) など。ほかに神秘劇『エリ』 Eli (50) がある。

ザックス
Sachs, Hans

[生]1494.11.5. ニュルンベルク
[没]1576.1.19. ニュルンベルク
ドイツのマイスタージンガー,劇作家。ワーグナーの楽劇『ニュルンベルクのマイスタージンガー』の中心人物。ラテン語学校に学び,のち靴屋の親方となる。その間工匠歌の修業を積む。宗教改革に関心を示し,詩『ウィッテンベルクのナイチンゲール』 Die wittenbergisch Nachtigall (1523) でルターを支持,そのため一時筆禍をこうむり,出版を禁止された。その後人文主義的教養も加わって多彩な創作活動を行なった。素材を聖書や物語集にとり,四千余の工匠歌,『馬鹿の治療』 Das Narrenschneiden (36) や『天国の遍歴学生』 Der farend Schüler im Paradeiss (50) などの謝肉祭劇をはじめ,笑劇,対話詩,寓話詩などを残した。

ザックス
Sachs, Curt

[生]1881.6.29. ベルリン
[没]1959.2.5. ニューヨーク
ドイツ生れの音楽学者。古代楽器学,比較音楽学の権威。 1919~33年までベルリン大学教授。 33年ナチス・ドイツを逃れてパリに行き,37年アメリカに移住。ニューヨーク大学教授,アメリカ音楽学会会長の職にあった。主著に『楽器百科全書』 Real-Lexikon der Musikinstrumente (1913) ,『世界舞踊史』 Eine Weltgeschichte des Tanzes (33) ,『楽器の歴史』 The History of Musical Instruments (40) などがある。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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