Thomas Paine

Japanese: ペイン - ぺいん(英語表記)Thomas Paine
Thomas Paine

A political commentator who contributed to the American Revolution. Born in Norfolk, England, as the son of a Quaker corset maker. He attended grammar school, but at the age of 13, he became an apprentice to his father in the same trade. He then worked as a privateer, a tax collector, and an English teacher. In 1772, he campaigned to raise the salaries of tax collectors, and wrote a pamphlet called "A Publican's Argument." He had a deep interest in Newtonian theory and natural science, and in 1774, at the age of 37, he met the already famous scientist Franklin in London, and traveled to America through his introduction. He became the editor of the Pennsylvania Magazine, which was founded in Philadelphia in 1775. In 1776, he published Common Sense anonymously. At the time, the conflict with the mother country had developed into a state of war, but most people in the colony believed in reconciliation. This pamphlet explained in concrete terms the benefits to the colonies of independence from the mother country and the significance of overthrowing hereditary monarchy, encouraging people to move towards independence. During the War of Independence, he continued to write his political treatise "The Crisis" while serving in the American army. In 1777, he was appointed to the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Continental Congress, and in 1779, he was appointed Secretary of the Pennsylvania Assembly. In 1787, he traveled to Europe, where he defended the revolution by publishing "The Rights of Man" (1791-1792), which refuted Burke's "Reflections on the Revolution". In 1792, he was granted French citizenship, but was imprisoned under the Jacobin government and rescued by Monroe, the American envoy, a year later. He later wrote "The Age of Reason" and "A Fair Distribution of Lands", and returned to America in 1802, but he was already forgotten by the people and spent his later years in obscurity.

[Yoko Shirai]

"Common Sense" translated by Haruo Komatsu (Iwanami Bunko)""The Rights of Man" translated by Masami Nishikawa (Iwanami Bunko)""Citizen Tom Paine: The Unusual Life of the Man Who Left Us 'Common Sense'" by Howard Furst, translated by Mineo Miyashita (1985, Shobunsha)

[References] | American Revolution | Common Sense | Rights of Man

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アメリカ独立革命に貢献した政治評論家。クェーカーのコルセット職人の子としてイギリス、ノーフォークに生まれる。グラマー・スクールに通ったが、13歳のとき父親と同職の徒弟となった。その後、私掠(しりゃく)船船員、収税吏、英語教師などを経た。1772年、収税吏の給料値上げ運動をおこし、小冊子『収税吏の主張』を著した。ニュートン学説と自然科学に深い興味を抱き、1774年37歳のとき、科学者としてすでに有名であったフランクリンとロンドンで知り合い、彼の紹介でアメリカに渡った。フィラデルフィアで1775年に創刊された『ペンシルベニア・マガジン』の編集者となる。1776年『コモン・センス』を匿名で出版。当時本国との対立は戦争状態に発展していたが、植民地のほとんどの人々は和解を信じていた。この小冊子は、本国からの独立による植民地の利益と世襲君主制打破の意義を具体的に平明な文章で説き、人々の独立への気運を促した。独立戦争中は、アメリカ軍に参加しながら政治論文『危機』の執筆を続けた。1777年大陸会議外交委員、1779年ペンシルベニア議会書記に任命され、1787年にはヨーロッパに渡り、バークの『フランス革命への省察』に反論して『人間の権利』(1791~1792)を発表、革命を擁護した。1792年フランス市民権を与えられたが、ジャコバン政権下で投獄され、1年後アメリカ公使モンローに救出された。その後『理性の時代』『土地分配の公正』を著し、1802年再度渡米したが、人々にはすでに忘れられ、不遇な晩年を送った。

[白井洋子]

『小松春雄訳『コモン・センス』(岩波文庫)』『西川正身訳『人間の権利』(岩波文庫)』『ハワード・ファースト著、宮下嶺夫訳『市民トム・ペイン――「コモン・センス」を遺した男の数奇な生涯』(1985・晶文社)』

[参照項目] | アメリカ独立革命 | コモン・センス | 人間の権利

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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