Sassanid Dynasty - Sasanian Empire

Japanese: ササン朝 - ササンちょう

An Iranian dynasty (Sasanian Persia) founded by Ardashir I in 224 and destroyed by Muslims in 651. It ruled over a vast area of Western Asia, established an administrative and judicial system under a theocracy based on Zoroastrianism, and marked the most prosperous period in the history of ancient Iran. There were about 30 kings in succession, but the early kings Shapur I (reigned 240-272) and Shapur II (reigned 309-379) fought against the Roman Empire over the ownership of Armenia and religious issues. During the rule of Khosrow I (reigned 531-579) in the final period, the dynasty demonstrated its national prestige in foreign invasions such as the Yemen expedition and the attack on the Hephthalites, and conducted fair politics, creating the most glorious period of the dynasty. After that, the dynasty weakened due to internal conflicts, and in 642, during the reign of Yazdagird III (reigned 632-651), it was defeated by Islamic forces at the Battle of Nihawand, and was virtually destroyed. This dynasty, which lasted for 427 years, had a great influence on the Islamic era that followed immediately after this in terms of the development of cities and bureaucracy, literary development, and spiritual culture based on Zoroastrianism. As it occupied a key location for East-West transportation, it also played a role in allowing the spread of Nestorian Christianity within the country and spreading it as far as China. The Sassanid Empire also left behind an excellent heritage in the field of art, which had a wide influence not only on the West, but also on China and Japan. In architecture, due to the scarcity of wood and stone, the main structures were arches, vaults, and domes made of brick and broken stone, and columns and beams are rarely seen. In terms of technology, the squinch arch, invented to place a dome on a square plan, is noteworthy. Many of the sculptures are rock-cut reliefs, characterized by their large scale, volume, and power. They are concentrated in places such as Tak-i-Bustan and Naqsh-i-Rustam, and there are many victory monuments, investiture paintings, and hunting scenes of the emperors. In terms of crafts, metalwork is particularly excellent, and includes a variety of techniques such as casting, engraving, embossing, and inlay. There are a wide variety of decorative motifs such as birds, animals, and plants, but the most common are hunting scenes of the emperors.
Related topics: Islamic culture | Iran | Cup horn | Ctesiphon | Hunting literature | Persian language | Mari (ruins)

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

224年アルダシール１世が創建し，651年イスラム教徒に滅ぼされたイランの王朝（ササン朝ペルシア）。西アジアの広大な地域を領有し，ゾロアスター教による神政政治の下に，行政・司法制度が確立し，イラン古代史上最隆盛期を画した。歴代約30人の王があったが，初期のシャープール１世（在位240年―272年），シャープール２世（在位309年―379年）はアルメニアの帰属と宗教問題でローマ帝国と戦った。末期のホスロー１世（在位531年―579年）の統治下では，イエメン遠征やエフタル族攻撃など外征に国威を示し，公正な政治を行い，同朝の最も輝かしい時期をつくった。その後は内紛により弱体化し，ヤズダギルド３世（在位632年―651年）の時，642年ニハーワンドの戦でイスラム軍に敗退，事実上滅んだ。427年間存続したこの王朝は，都市や官僚制の整備，文学的発展，ゾロアスター教による精神文化の面で，この直後のイスラム時代に対し大きな影響をもっただけでなく，東西交通の要衝を占めたため，ネストリウス派キリスト教の国内布教を認め，中国にまで伝える役割を果たした。　ササン朝は美術面でもすぐれた遺産を残し，西洋はもちろん，中国，日本にも広く影響を及ぼした。建築では木材，石材に乏しいため，煉瓦や割石を用いたアーチ，ボールト，ドームによる構造が主で，柱や梁(はり)はほとんど見られない。技術的には方形プランの上にドームをのせるために発明されたスキンチ・アーチが注目される。彫刻は多く磨崖の浮彫で，スケールが大きく，量感と力のあるのが特色。ターク・イ・ブスターン，ナクシ・ルスタム等の場所に集中し，戦勝記念碑や叙任図，帝王狩猟図が多い。工芸では金工が特にすぐれ，鋳造，彫金，打出し，象嵌(ぞうがん)等各種にわたる。鳥獣，植物など豊富な装飾モティーフをもつが，帝王狩猟図が最も多い。
→関連項目イスラム文化｜イラン｜角杯｜クテシフォン｜狩猟文｜ペルシア語｜マリ（遺跡）

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