The process of storing high moisture feed such as grass and green crops in a silo through lactic acid fermentation is called ensilage, and the product produced in this way is called silage. It is especially important as a juicy feed for ruminant livestock during the winter. [Nishida Tomoko] Manufacturing methodIn the stems and leaves of harvested crops, enzyme activity continues for a while, and the decomposition of sugars, proteins, etc. occurs quite significantly. Also, because of the high moisture content, harmful microorganisms such as aerobic bacteria and molds grow, and putrefaction progresses. Therefore, materials are packed into a silo, the air is pushed out to completely seal it, and the silo is quickly put into an anaerobic state, which stops the respiration of enzymes and the activity of putrefactive bacteria. At the same time, within a day or two of being packed, the anaerobic lactic acid bacteria that grow on the plant surface begin to grow rapidly, and a large amount of lactic acid is produced, causing the pH to drop to about 4 to 3. If the activity of lactic acid bacteria is suppressed due to a lack of sugar or competition with aerobic bacteria, the pH does not drop sufficiently, and harmful anaerobic butyric acid bacteria grow, which break down amino acids to produce ammonia and amines, which, together with higher volatile fatty acids such as butyric acid, cause bad odors and lead to inferior quality. To prevent these problems, corn, which has a high sugar content, is used as a suitable material, and molasses and lactic acid bacteria are added, or an acid such as formic acid is added to lower the pH to promote lactic acid fermentation. Ruminant livestock prefer silage and, if of good quality, can be safely fed up to 1.5% of their body weight in dry matter. [Nishida Tomoko] Pros and ConsThe advantages of silage are as follows: the smell and taste are well-suited to livestock preferences, they are eaten faster than hay, and there is less loss of nutrients. It allows for more intensive use of grassland than grazing, does not require daily labor like green mowing, and the amount of nutrients provided from roughage can be kept constant. Also, a large amount of roughage can be stored in a small volume. Conversely, disadvantages include a slightly lower digestibility than fresh grass, nutrients are lost during storage, special care is required for preparation compared to hay, it is difficult to transport due to its high moisture content, and silos are required. [Nishida Tomoko] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
牧草、青刈り作物など高水分の飼料を、サイロの中で乳酸発酵させて貯蔵することをエンシレージensilageといい、このようにしてできた生産物をサイレージという。とくに冬季間の反芻(はんすう)家畜用の多汁質飼料として重要である。 [西田恂子] 製法刈り取られた作物の茎葉では、しばらくの間酵素の活性が持続し、糖やタンパク質などの分解がかなり顕著におこる。また、水分が多いので、好気性の細菌やカビなどの有害微生物が増殖し、腐敗が進行する。したがって、材料をサイロ内に詰め込み、空気を押し出して密封を完全にし、早急に嫌気的状態にして酵素による呼吸作用および腐敗菌の活動を停止させる。同時に、詰め込まれてから1、2日のうちに植物表面に着生している嫌気性の乳酸菌が急速に増殖を開始し、多量の乳酸の生成により、pHが4~3程度まで低下する。糖の不足、あるいは好気性菌との競合によって乳酸菌の活動が抑えられると、pHは十分低下せず、有害な嫌気性菌である酪酸菌が増殖し、アミノ酸が分解されてアンモニアやアミンが生産され、酪酸などの高級揮発性脂肪酸とともに悪臭の原因となり、劣質化を招く。これらを防ぐには、糖分含量の高いトウモロコシが好適な材料として用いられ、さらに糖蜜(とうみつ)や乳酸菌を添加したり、ギ酸などの酸を加えてpHを下げたりして乳酸発酵を助長する。 サイレージを好んで食べるのは反芻家畜で、良質ならば乾物として体重の1.5%までは安全に給与できる。 [西田恂子] 得失サイレージの利点としては次のようなことがある。におい、味が家畜の嗜好(しこう)に適しており、乾草より食草速度が速く、養分の損失も少ない。放牧に比べ草地の利用が集約的になり、青刈りのように毎日の労働を必要とせず、粗(そ)飼料からの養分給与量を一定にできる。また、小さい容積で多量の粗飼料が保存できる。逆に不利な点としては、生草に比べ消化率はやや劣り、貯蔵中に養分の損失があり、乾草に比して調製に特別の配慮を必要とし、水分が多いので運搬能率が悪く、サイロを必要とするなどがあげられる。 [西田恂子] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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