Default - Saimu Furikou

Japanese: 債務不履行 - さいむふりこう
Default - Saimu Furikou

When an obligor fails to perform in accordance with the essence of the obligation without a legitimate reason, there are three types of delay in performance: failure to perform after the deadline when performance is possible, impossibility of performance when performance is not possible, and incomplete performance when performance is incomplete.

The creditor has the following remedies against the debtor's default on the obligation. The first is the enforcement of actual performance to encourage the performance of the obligation itself (Civil Code Article 414). There are three methods: direct enforcement, substitute execution, and indirect enforcement. The second is to seek damages for the default on the obligation. First, in the case of delayed performance, the creditor can seek compensation for the delay along with the original performance, or can seek compensatory damages in lieu of the original performance. Secondly, in the case of impossibility of performance, the only option is to seek compensatory damages. The scope of damages is, in principle, the damages that would normally result from the default (Civil Code Article 416, Paragraph 1), and in the case of damages caused by special circumstances, those circumstances that the parties foresaw or could have foreseen are included in the scope of damages. The third remedy is to terminate the contract (Civil Code Articles 541 and 543). In this case, the parties are obligated to restore the situation to its original state, and if there is further damage, they can claim damages (Civil Code Article 545).

[Takahisa Awaji]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

債務者が正当な事由がないのに債務の本旨に従った履行をしないこと。履行が可能であるのに期限を経過しても履行しない履行遅滞、履行が不能なために履行しない履行不能、不完全な履行をした不完全履行、の三つがある。

 債務者の債務不履行に対して債権者は次のような救済手段を有している。すなわち、第一は、債務そのものの履行を促す現実的履行の強制である(民法414条)。その方法としては、直接強制、代替執行、間接強制の三つがある。第二は、債務不履行による損害賠償を求めることである。まず履行遅滞の場合には、本来の給付とともに遅延賠償を求めることができ、あるいは本来の給付にかわる填補(てんぽ)賠償を求めることができる。次に履行不能の場合には、填補賠償を求めるのほかはない。損害賠償の範囲は、不履行によって通常生ずべき損害を原則とし(同法416条1項)、特別事情によって生じた損害については、当事者がその事情を予見し、または予見することができたものが、損害賠償の範囲に含められる。第三の救済手段は、契約を解除することである(同法541条・543条)。この場合には、当事者は原状回復義務を負い、さらに損害があれば、損害賠償を請求することができる(同法545条)。

[淡路剛久]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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