Huang Gongwang - High School

A Chinese painter from the Yuan Dynasty who was not a literati painter. There are differing theories about his birth and year of death. He is one of the four great literati painters of the late Yuan Dynasty, along with Wu Zhen, Ni Zan, and Wang Meng, who established a new style of landscape painting. He is the oldest of the four great painters, and had the greatest influence on landscape painters of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. His real surname was Lu, and his pen name was Zijiu. His pen names were Yifeng, Daji Daoren, and in his later years he called himself Jingxi Daoren. He is said to have been born in Changshu, Jiangsu Province, and was adopted by the Huang family of Yongjia, Zhejiang Province, at the age of eight. He was intelligent from an early age, and is said to have become knowledgeable in the learning and arts of the hundred schools of thought, and to have converted to Quanzhenism (a sect of Taoism). He briefly served in government service, but clashed with those in power, and retired to the Jiangnan region, where he spent his later years living in Fuchun Mountain. He painted landscapes, and initially studied under Zhao Mengfu, Dong Yuan and Ju Ran, and also incorporated Mi Fu, creating new landscape spaces and establishing his own family. He is said to have begun painting at around the age of 50, and within a few years he had gained fame, producing mature works by the age of 80. His "Residence in Fuchun Mountains Scroll" at the National Palace Museum in Taipei is renowned as an authentic copy by Huang Gongwang.

[Shinya Hoshiyama]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、元(げん)代の在野の画家。没年と出身地には異説がある。呉鎮(ごちん)、倪瓚(げいさん)、王蒙(おうもう)とともに、新しい山水画様式を樹立して元末の四大家とよばれた文人画家の一人。四大家中最年長で、明清(みんしん)の山水画家に与えた影響はもっとも大きい。本姓は陸。字(あざな)は子久。号は一峯(いっぽう)、大痴道人など、晩年に井西道人と号す。江蘇(こうそ)省常熟の出身といわれ、8歳のころ浙江(せっこう)省永嘉の黄氏の養子となる。幼少から聡敏(そうびん)で、やがて百家の学、諸芸に通じ、また全真教（道教の一派）に帰依(きえ)したという。一時仕官したが、権力者と衝突し、江南地方に隠遁(いんとん)して晩年は富春山に住んだ。山水画を描き、初め趙孟頫(ちょうもうふ)に指導され、董源(とうげん)、巨然(きょねん)を学び、米芾(べいふつ)も取り入れ、新しい山水空間を創造して一家をなした。画作を始めたのは50歳ごろからといわれ、数年にして名声を得、80歳ごろに至って円熟した作品を生んだ。台北・国立故宮博物院の『富春山居図巻』は黄公望の真跡として名高い。

［星山晋也］

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