Cell fusion

Japanese: 細胞融合 - さいぼうゆうごう
Cell fusion

The phenomenon in which two or more cells combine to become one cell. Examples of cell fusion that occur naturally include fertilization of germ cells, plasmogamy (cytoplasmic fusion) in Myxomycetes, and fusion of myoblasts to multinucleated muscle cells. Multinucleated cells in pathological tissues can also be produced by cell fusion, such as measles, lymph nodes, and Langhans giant cells in tuberculosis. In recent years, experiments have been conducted to artificially fuse cells using cultured cells, and this has become an important research tool in cell biology. Even if two types of cells are simply mixed and cultured, cell fusion can occur, although the frequency is low, and fused cells can be obtained by selecting them based on the drug resistance of both cell types. Methods for actively fusing cells artificially include infecting cells with viruses such as the Sendai virus (HVJ virus) discovered by Yoshio Okada in 1958 (Showa 33), and dissolving cell membranes with drugs such as polyethylene glycol. In the case of plant cells, it is necessary to first remove the cell wall such as cellulose, i.e., to create protoplasts, before fusing them. This method can be used to create cell hybrids between different species without fertilization, but in cases of cell hybrids between distant species, such as human and mouse, the human chromosomes are gradually lost and the cells revert to mouse cells. However, in some cases, such as the pomato, a cell hybrid between potato and tomato, a plant can be formed. In addition, although it is not a complete cell fusion, methods such as transplanting nuclei into other cells and combining the cytoplasm of other cells, known as cybrids, have been performed using microsurgery and drugs such as cytochalasin B. By combining many nuclei from the same individual with the cytoplasm of many other egg cells, a population of clones with the same genetic composition can be created. Cell fusion can provide a great deal of knowledge on genetics and cell biology, such as the regulation of gene function and the interaction between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Recent achievements include the monoclonal antibody method, in which antibody-producing cells are fused with tumor cells and then grown to mass-produce a single antibody.

[Hiroshi Ooka]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

2個以上の細胞が合体して1個の細胞となる現象をいう。自然におこる細胞融合の例としては、生殖細胞の受精、変形菌のプラスモガミー(細胞質融合)、筋原細胞の多核筋肉細胞への融合などがある。また病態組織中の多核細胞にも、たとえば麻疹(ましん)(はしか)、リンパ腺(せん)、結核のラングハンス巨細胞などのように細胞融合によって生じるものがある。近年培養細胞を用いて人工的に細胞を融合させる実験が行われ、細胞生物学の重要な研究手段となっている。2種の細胞を単に混合して培養しただけでも、頻度は低いが細胞融合がおこり、それを双方の細胞種の薬物耐性によって選別すれば融合細胞を得ることができる。積極的に細胞を人工的に融合させる方法としては、岡田善雄(よしお)が1958年(昭和33)に発見したセンダイウイルス(HVJウイルス)などのウイルスに感染させる方法、ポリエチレングリコールなどの薬剤で細胞膜を溶かす方法などがある。植物細胞の場合はあらかじめセルロースなどの細胞壁を除いた細胞すなわちプロトプラストをつくってから融合させる必要がある。この方法で、受精によらない異種間の細胞雑種をつくることができるが、たとえばヒトとマウスの細胞雑種などのようにかけ離れた種の間では、しだいにヒトの染色体が失われてマウスの細胞に戻ってしまう。しかし、ジャガイモとトマトの細胞雑種であるポマトなどのように植物体を形成することができる場合もある。また完全な細胞融合ではないが核を他の細胞に移植する方法、核と他の細胞の細胞質を組み合わせるサイブリッドという方法などが、顕微手術や、サイトカラシンBなどの薬剤を用いて行われており、同一個体からの多くの核を他の多くの卵細胞の細胞質と組み合わせれば遺伝組成が同じクローン個体集団をつくることができる。細胞融合を利用すれば、遺伝子の機能調節、核と細胞質の相互作用など遺伝学・細胞生物学上の多くの知識が得られるが、最近の成果としては、抗体産生細胞を腫瘍(しゅよう)細胞に融合させ、これを増殖させて単一の抗体を大量に生産するモノクローナル抗体法などがある。

[大岡 宏]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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