Compulsory performance is when a debtor does not voluntarily perform his/her debt. Even if it is forced performance, allowing creditors to help themselves would disrupt social order, so self-help is not permitted in modern society, and ultimately, there is no choice but to rely on the method of compulsory execution by the state, which has a monopoly on enforcement power. There are three methods of forced performance: direct enforcement, substitute execution, and indirect enforcement. Direct enforcement is used to realize monetary obligations and obligations to deliver goods, substitute execution is used to realize substitute obligations that can be realized by another person, such as the obligation to remove a house, and indirect enforcement is used to realize obligations that cannot be replaced, such as the obligation to sign a security, and obligations to refrain from making noise. Indirect enforcement is considered to be permitted only when there is no other option, since it suppresses the debtor's personal freedom of will by applying economic pressure, but it is now commonly used if a creditor applies for it. When a buyer of real estate requests a seller to register the transfer of ownership, it is necessary to file a suit for performance requesting an expression of intention. In other words, the buyer has the right to request the seller to register the transfer (registration right holder), and the seller has the obligation to cooperate with this (registration obligation holder). In principle, the application for registration must be made jointly by the registration right holder and the obligation holder (joint application; Real Estate Registration Act, Article 60). If the obligor does not cooperate, the obligor may apply alone after obtaining a final judgment ordering the registration procedure (Article 63 of the same law). In this way, a suit for the performance of a registration obligation is one that requests an application (manifestation of intention), and therefore can be said to be a suit for manifestation of intention. In this case, the registration right holder who has obtained a final judgment ordering the registration procedure can carry out the registration procedure alone with that judgment, so no further compulsory action (compulsory execution) is necessary. In the case of obligations that require the obligation of the obligor to respect their will, such as the obligation of a married couple to live together or an actor's obligation to perform in a performance, forced performance is not permitted, and only damages are permitted. The term "forced performance" used in Article 414 of the Civil Code means direct coercion. [Yoshinobu Homma] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
債務者がその債務を任意に履行しない場合に、強制的に行われる履行。履行の強制といっても、債権者に自力救済を認めることは社会秩序を乱すことになるので、近代社会においては自力救済は認められず、結局、執行権を独占する国家による強制執行の方法によらざるをえない。 強制履行の方法としては、直接強制、代替執行、間接強制がある。直接強制は、金銭債務、物の引渡し債務の実現のために、代替執行は、家屋収去義務のような他の者がかわって実現できる代替的作為債務の実現のために、間接強制は、証券への署名義務のような不代替的作為義務、および騒音を出さない義務のような不作為債務の実現のために行われる。間接強制は、債務者の個人的な意思の自由を経済的な圧迫を加えて抑圧するものであるから、これによらざるをえない場合にのみ認められるべきである、とされてきたが、現在では、債権者の申立てがあれば、一般的に利用される。不動産の買主が売主に対し所有権移転登記を求めるような場合には、意思表示を求める給付の訴えを提起する必要がある。すなわち、買主は売主に対し移転登記を要求する権利を有し(登記権利者)、売主はこれに協力する義務を有する(登記義務者)。登記の申請は、原則として、登記権利者と義務者が共同して行わなければならない(共同申請。不動産登記法60条)。義務者がこれに協力しない場合には、権利者は、登記手続をするよう命ずる確定判決を得て、単独で申請することになる(同法63条)。このように登記義務の履行を求める訴えは、申請(意思表示)を求めるものであるから、意思表示を求める訴えといえる。この場合、登記手続をするよう命ずる確定判決を得た登記権利者は、その判決をもって単独で登記手続をすることができるので、それ以上の強制的行為(強制執行)は必要ない。債務のうち、夫婦の同居義務や俳優の出演義務のように債務者の意思を尊重しなければならない義務の場合には強制履行は許されず、単に損害賠償が認められるにすぎない。なお、民法第414条で用いられている「強制履行」の語は、直接強制を意味している。 [本間義信] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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