The term "Concordat" is used to refer to an agreement between the Pope and the head of state to regulate religious matters within a state. [Yoji Noguchi] Subject and formatThe subject of the papal bull is diverse, and includes matters that relate to both church and state powers. That is, from the state side, it includes official recognition of the Catholic faith, recognition and restrictions on the appointment and dismissal of church officials, recognition of ecclesiastical districts, approval and supervision of the education system established by the church, and guarantee of privileges such as the exclusion of clergy from public authority and exemption from military service. From the pope's side, it includes the loyalty of the church to the state, approval of the state's use, interference, and supervision of church administration and property, and compensation for the infringement of church rights and property. There are various forms, such as decrees, declarations as papal bulls and then promulgation as state law, and treaties signed by the plenipotentiaries of both sides. [Yoji Noguchi] historyThe oldest examples are the Concordat of Beck (1107) in England and the Concordat of Worms (1122) in Germany, which were concluded as a solution to the Investiture Controversy. Later, disputes arose in Germany over the Pope's privileges regarding stipends, and in the 15th century German monarchs and the Pope concluded numerous concordats. These were eventually settled with the Concordat of Vienna (1448), which recognized the Pope's right to tax and to retain stipends, but this excessive power of the Pope was one of the factors that encouraged the Protestant Reformation. Meanwhile in France, the Concordat of 1516 granted the king the right to appoint bishops and abbots, and the Pope the right to approve church systems and to obtain first-year stipends, and this agreement lasted until the French Revolution. Then, during the Revolution, the Church came under state control and its property was confiscated, but this situation was restored by Napoleon I with the "Concordat of 1801," which remained in force until 1905. In addition, in the 17th and 18th centuries, concordats were concluded between the Holy See and Portugal, Spain, Poland, Sicily, and other countries, and in the 19th century, these agreements were concluded more frequently and renewed. These included concordats with Belgium (1827), the Swiss cantons (1828, 1830, 1884, 1889), Russia (1847, 1882, 1907), Spain (1851), Austria (1855), and the countries of Latin America (1855-91), among others. After World War I, the international status of the Pope improved and new nations were born in Central Europe. In response, the Holy See concluded agreements with many countries, including Poland (1925), Lithuania (1927), Romania (1927), Czechoslovakia (1927), Italy (1929), and Germany (1933), regarding the activities of the Catholic Church and the implementation of religious education. However, the agreement with Italy, which recognized the existence of the Vatican City State, led to conflict with the Italian Fascist regime after 1931, and the agreement with Germany was not abided by by the Hitler regime. Furthermore, after World War II, especially after the Second Vatican Council (1962-65), the Holy See, in accordance with its decisions, concluded more than 40 agreements with other countries to guarantee religious freedom and to harmonize the institutions and activities of the Catholic Church with the national politics of each country based on their respective citizenship rights. Important agreements include those with Spain (1976, 1979) and Italy (1984), as well as those with Argentina (1966), Peru (1980), Monaco (1983), and Haiti (1984). [Yoji Noguchi] "Catholic Dictionary" (1972, Tomiyama Publishing) [References] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
政教協約または単に協約と訳される。もとは教会当局者と世俗諸侯との間で教会に関する事項について交わされた協定を意味したが、今日では一般に国家内の宗教的諸問題を規整するため、ローマ教皇と国家の首長との間で締結された条約をさす。 [野口洋二] 対象と形式その対象は多種多様で、政教両権にわたる諸事項を含む。すなわち、国家側からは、カトリック信仰の公的承認、教会役職者任免の承認と制限、教会管区の承認、教会の設立した教育制度の認可と監督、聖職者の公権からの除外や軍役免除などの特権の保証など。教皇側からは、国家に対する教会の忠誠、教会行政や財産に対する国家の利用・干渉・監督の承認、教会による権利財産の侵害に対する補償などである。形式もさまざまで、法令の場合、教皇教書として宣言し、ついで国家の法として発布する場合、また両者の全権委員により条約として調印される場合など、種々のケースがある。 [野口洋二] 歴史最古のものは聖職叙任権闘争の解決として結ばれた、イギリスでのベック協約(1107)、ドイツでのウォルムス協約(1122)がその代表例である。その後ドイツでは教皇の聖職禄(ろく)に対する特権をめぐって争いが生じ、15世紀にドイツ諸君主と教皇はたびたび協約を結んだ。これは結局、教皇の課税権と聖職禄留保権を認めたウィーン協約(1448)で決着をみたが、こうした教皇の過度の権限は宗教改革を促す一因ともなった。一方フランスでは、「1516年の協約」で国王に司教・修道院長の任命権、教皇に教会制度に対する承認権と初年度献上聖職禄の取得権が認められ、この協定はフランス革命まで続いた。ついで、革命で教会は国家管理下に置かれ財産も没収されたが、この状態をナポレオン1世が「1801年の協約」で修復し、この協約は1905年まで効力をもった。このほか、17、18世紀には、教皇庁とポルトガル、スペイン、ポーランド、シチリアなどとの間に協約が結ばれ、19世紀に入るとその締結がさらに頻度を増すとともに協約の更新が行われた。ベルギー(1827)、スイス諸州(1828、1830、1884、1889)、ロシア(1847、1882、1907)、スペイン(1851)、オーストリア(1855)、中南米諸国(1855~91)などとの協約がそれである。その後、第一次世界大戦後には、教皇の国際的地位の向上や中央ヨーロッパにおける新興諸国家の誕生があり、それに伴って教皇庁は、ポーランド(1925)、リトアニア(1927)、ルーマニア(1927)、チェコスロバキア(1927)、イタリア(1929)、ドイツ(1933)など多くの国々との間に、カトリック教会の活動や宗教教育の実施などについて協約を結んだ。しかしバチカン市国の存在などを認めたイタリアとの協約は、1931年以降イタリアのファシスト政権との間に紛争を招き、ドイツとの協約もヒトラー政権は守らなかった。さらに第二次世界大戦後には、とくに第二バチカン公会議(1962~65)以後、その決定に従い、教皇庁は信教の自由を保証するとともに、カトリック教会の諸制度や活動をそれぞれの市民権に基づく各国の国政に調和させようとして、40余りの協約を各国との間で結んだ。その重要なものには、スペイン(1976、1979)やイタリア(1984)との協約をはじめ、アルゼンチン(1966)、ペルー(1980)、モナコ(1983)、ハイチ(1984)などとの協約がある。 [野口洋二] 『『カトリック大辞典』(1972・冨山房)』 [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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