Colonus - colonus (English spelling) Latin

Japanese: コロヌス - ころぬす(英語表記)colonus ラテン語
Colonus - colonus (English spelling) Latin

A Roman tenant peasant. From the end of the Republic onwards, they were employed on the estates of large landowners. At the end of the Republic and the beginning of the Empire, coloni rented land from landlords based on a contract and paid a fixed rent. Their relationship with the landlord was equal in the eyes of the law, and they were free to leave the land after the end of the tenancy period, which was usually five years. However, there was an overwhelming difference in social and economic power between landlords and small tenants, and this undoubtedly undermined the equal relationship in the eyes of the law. The issue of rent was a particularly important catalyst for this.

[Akira Sakaguchi]

Subjugation of Colonus

In principle, the coloni's rent was paid in money, but during the imperial period, it was often paid in product, and sharecropping, which was common in the provinces, was also introduced in Italy. In this case, the production output directly affected the interests of the landlord, and the landlord's involvement and control over the labor of the coloni strengthened. In addition, small coloni used their own production tools and daily necessities as collateral for rent payment, and when they failed to pay the rent, these were often taken by the landlord. These cases of rent arrears appear frequently in historical documents, indicating the weakness of the coloni's economic foundation at the time. There is no doubt that the debts that arose in this way were the main factor in the subjugation of coloni to the landlords.

[Akira Sakaguchi]

The reality of Colonus

During the first half of the Empire, the large-scale slavery business that had flourished in Italy and other regions gradually lost its importance, and tenantry took its place. In parallel with this movement, the tenancy period of coloni became longer, and customary tenancy, where the contract was automatically extended after the five-year period if neither party expressed their intention to terminate it, was recognized by law. At the same time, the subjugation of coloni steadily progressed, and by the beginning of the 3rd century, during household surveys, landlords were required to declare coloni on their land along with slaves. On the other hand, in many provinces, some form of tenantry was originally more dominant than slavery, but the actual situation varied according to the traditions and customs of each region. In many cases, tenants cultivated the same land by hereditary succession, and their status was probably lower than in Italy. The situation of provincial tenants is best known in the case of coloni in the Imperial territories of North Africa. These colonies were obliged to pay share rent (roughly one-third of the harvest, depending on the crop) and to perform corvée on the land directly managed by the general tenant (conduktor). This corvée was set at 6 to 12 days per year, but the general tenants conspired with the imperial magistrate to increase the number of days, and the colonies appealed directly to the emperor against this. Emperor Commodus' reply accepted the colonies' claim and tried to protect them.

[Akira Sakaguchi]

Establishment of the Coronatus System

In the 3rd century, the Roman Empire was in the midst of a general political, social and economic crisis, with a decline in population and the abandonment and devastation of cultivated land. The problem of securing agricultural labor became crucial for landowners and the imperial government. Already in the second half of the 2nd century, Emperor Marcus Aurelius had captured Germanic peoples and resettled them in the empire as agricultural laborers. In this situation, landowners must have tried to bind the colonus more firmly to the land. The imperial government also began to prioritize the interests of large landowners and tenant farmers in order to secure tax revenues. These movements resulted in the establishment of the colonatus, a system that legally bound the colonus to the land. The trigger for the establishment of the colonatus is thought to be the new tax system, the capitatio jugatio, introduced by Emperor Diocletian. Under this system, it was necessary to bind agricultural laborers to the land, and they were bound to their original domicile. Thus, coloni who were registered on the land of large landowners lost their freedom of movement and became more dependent on the lord. According to many 4th century laws, coloni were not allowed to become priests or officials or sell their property without the lord's permission, and could not sue the lord except for rent increases. The children of coloni also inherited their parents' status, so the status of land-bound coloni was hereditary. However, among coloni, those who owned their own land and registered under their own name were distinguished from bound coloni as "free" coloni. However, these two types of coloni, as well as the slaves who were employed as tenant farmers, and even small-scale peasants, seem to have formed a similar class of subservient peasants in practice, despite their different legal status.

Tenant farmers, called coloni, existed in Western Europe in the early Middle Ages, but eventually merged into the feudal peasant class.

[Akira Sakaguchi]

"The Development of Large Land Ownership and the Establishment of the Coronate System" by Masashi Asaka (included in "Iwanami Lecture Series World History 2: Ancient History 2", 1969, Iwanami Shoten) " "The Mediterranean World and the Roman Empire" by Tatsuya Yuge (1977, Iwanami Shoten)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ローマ時代の小作人。共和政末期から大土地所有者の所領で使われていた。共和政末期と帝政初期のコロヌスは、契約に基づいて地主から土地を借り、定額の地代を支払っていた。地主との関係は法のうえでは対等であり、通常5年間の小作期間終了後は自由に土地を離れることができた。しかし地主と零細な小作人との間には、圧倒的な社会的、経済的な力の差があり、これが法のうえでの対等な関係を突き崩していったであろうことは疑いない。とくにその重要な契機となったのが地代の問題であった。

[坂口 明]

コロヌスの従属化

コロヌスが納める地代は貨幣で支払うことが原則となっていたが、帝政期には生産物での納付がしばしば行われるようになり、属州で普及していた分益小作がイタリアにも取り入れられた。この場合、生産高が地主の利害に直接にかかわるようになるので、コロヌスの労働に対する地主の側からの関与や統制が強まった。また零細なコロヌスは、自らの生産用具や生活必需品を地代納入の担保としており、地代を滞納したときには、それらを地主に取り上げられてしまうこともしばしばあった。この地代滞納は史料上頻繁に現れており、当時のコロヌスの経済的な基盤の弱さをうかがわせる。このようにして生じた負債が、コロヌスの地主への従属化の最大の要因であったことは疑いない。

[坂口 明]

コロヌスの実態

帝政前半期は、かつてイタリアをはじめとする諸地方で繁栄した大規模な奴隷制経営がしだいにその比重を減じ、それにかわって小作制が重要性を増した時代であった。この動きと併行して、コロヌスの小作期間は長期化し、5年の期限終了後も双方から解約の意志表示がない場合には契約が自動的に延長されるという慣習的な小作が、法のうえでも認められるようになった。同時にコロヌスの従属化は着実に進行し、3世紀初頭には、戸口調査の際に、地主は、自らの土地にいるコロヌスを奴隷などとともに申告することになっていた。一方属州では、もともと奴隷制よりはなんらかの形態の小作制のほうが優位を占めていた地方が多かったが、その実態は、それぞれの地方の伝統や慣習に応じて多様であった。多くの場合、小作人は世襲的に同じ土地を耕し、その地位はイタリアの場合よりは低かったと思われる。属州の小作人のなかでその状態がもっともよく知られているのは、北アフリカの皇帝領のコロヌスの場合である。これらのコロヌスは、分益地代(作物によって異なるが、だいたい収穫の3分の1)を支払うほか、総小作人(コンドゥクトル)の直営地での賦役を義務づけられていた。この賦役は年間6~12日と定められていたが、総小作人たちは皇帝の代官と結託してこの日数を増やそうとし、コロヌスたちはこれに対して皇帝に直訴している。コンモドゥス帝の回答はコロヌスの言い分を認め、コロヌスを保護しようとするものであった。

[坂口 明]

コロナトゥス制の成立

3世紀に入ると、ローマ帝国は全般的な政治的、社会的、経済的な危機にみまわれ、人口の減少、耕地の放棄と荒廃が進み、農業労働力の確保の問題が、土地所有者たちと帝国政府にとって、決定的な重要性を帯びるようになった。すでに2世紀後半に、マルクス・アウレリウス帝は、捕虜としたゲルマン人を農業労働者として帝国内に定住させている。このようななかで、土地所有者たちは、コロヌスを土地にいっそう堅く縛り付けようと努めたに違いない。また帝国政府も、税収の確保のために、大土地所有者や総小作人の利益を優先する立場にたつようになった。以上のような動きは、コロヌスを法的に土地に縛り付ける制度としてのコロナトゥス制colonatusに帰着した。コロナトゥス制成立の契機となったのは、ディオクレティアヌス帝の導入した新しい税制カピタティオ・ユガティオ制であると考えられる。この制度のもとでは、農業労働者を土地に結び付ける必要があり、彼らはその原籍に縛り付けられた。こうして、大土地所有者の土地に登録されたコロヌスは移動の自由を奪われ、それとともに所領主への従属度も強まった。4世紀の多くの法令によれば、コロヌスは所領主の許可なく聖職者や役人になったり財産を売却したりすることは許されず、地代引上げに関する以外は所領主に対して訴訟を起こすこともできなかった。コロヌスの子も親の地位を引き継ぎ、土地に縛られたコロヌスは世襲的な身分となっていた。ただし、コロヌスのなかでも、別に自分の土地をもち自らの名で登録を行った者は、「自由な」コロヌスとして、縛られたコロヌスとは区別されていた。しかし、これらの2種類のコロヌスや、小作人として使われていた奴隷、さらには零細な自作農たちは、法的な地位は異にしながらも、事実上は同様な隷属的農民層を形づくっていたものと思われる。

 コロヌスとよばれる小作人たちは中世初期の西欧にも存在したが、やがて封建的隷属農民の階層のなかに合流していった。

[坂口 明]

『浅香正著「大土地所有の発展とコロナート制の成立」(『岩波講座 世界歴史2 古代2』所収・1969・岩波書店)』『弓削達著『地中海世界とローマ帝国』(1977・岩波書店)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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