Loan - Shakkan (English spelling) Loan

Japanese: 借款 - しゃっかん(英語表記)loan
Loan - Shakkan (English spelling) Loan

Generally refers to the borrowing and lending of long-term funds between countries. In the old International Monetary Fund (IMF) style balance of payments table, it referred to the borrowing and lending of funds with a maturity of more than one year, and was divided into loans to foreign countries (external assets) and borrowings from foreign countries (external liabilities). It was also classified into the government sector and the private sector depending on the entity of the borrowing and lending. In the new IMF style balance of payments table from 1996, the distinction between long-term and short-term capital transactions has been eliminated, and capital transactions are included in loans and borrowings under other investment items in the investment balance, but the meaning of the borrowing and lending of long-term funds between countries remains unchanged.

The most important type of loan from the Japanese government sector is the yen loan. During the post-World War II reconstruction period, Japan's national railways and Japan Highway Public Corporation received loans from the World Bank, but since reconstruction, Japan has become one of the world's leading donors. Yen loans are a long-term, low-interest loan system in which the Japanese government lends yen funds to foreign governments to fund infrastructure development in developing countries that is not suitable for commercial use (project loans) and to pay for the import of raw materials and fertilizers in countries that are suffering from a shortage of foreign currency (commodity loans). They are the most common form of economic development assistance for developing countries, and were implemented by the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) until 2008, and by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) since October of the same year, based on an exchange of notes between the two governments.

Generally, loans that have conditions on the use of the funds are called tied loans, and those that do not have conditions are called untied loans, but in the case of official development assistance, there is hope for untying as an issue of aid quality. In the case of Japan, initially, many of the loans were tied, with the condition that the recipient country use the funds to settle imports from Japan in order to promote exports, but now most are untied.

On the other hand, private sector loans include long-term loans (classified as direct investments in the balance of payments statistics) that business companies give to their overseas subsidiaries, but many of these are made as part of commercial banks' international lending operations. Representative large-scale loans include syndicated loans and project finance. Syndicated loans are joint loans by a group of banks, and generally, a central lead bank forms a joint lending group (syndicate) of multiple banks to provide long-term, large amounts of funds, mainly in euro currency, to internationally well-known borrowers such as developing country governments. Project finance is a loan for development, secured by the assets and contractual rights of a specific project, on the condition that the loan is repaid with future profits generated from the project. Unlike general corporate finance, which is based on the creditworthiness of the borrowing company, project finance has a major feature in that funds are provided based on the creditworthiness of a specific project.

Major Japanese banks also began to participate in these large-scale international lending activities in the 1970s, and had a major presence on the world stage by the end of the 1980s. However, after a slump in the 1990s following the collapse of the bubble economy, megabanks have once again begun to take an active role in the field since the 2000s.

[Rokuro Tsuchiya and Seiichi Nakajo]

[References] | Impact Loans | Consortiums | Tied Loans

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一般に国際間の長期資金の貸借をさす。旧来の国際通貨基金(IMF)方式国際収支表では1年を超える資金の貸借をいい、外国への貸付(対外資産)と外国からの借入(対外負債)とに分けられていた。また貸借の主体によって政府部門と民間部門とに分類されていた。1996年以降の新しいIMF方式国際収支表では、資本取引の長期、短期の区分がなくなり、投資収支のその他投資項目のなかの貸付・借入に含まれているが、国際間の長期資金の貸借というその意味に変わりはない。

 日本の政府部門の借款でもっとも重要なのは円借款である。第二次世界大戦後の復興期には、日本は日本国有鉄道や日本道路公団が世界銀行から借款を受けてきたが、復興後は世界有数の供与国になっている。円借款は日本政府が外国政府に円資金を貸し付け、商業ベースにはなじまない開発途上国のインフラ整備の資金(プロジェクト借款)、外貨不足に悩む国の原材料や肥料輸入等の代金支払い資金(商品借款)にあてるための長期低利融資制度である。開発途上国を対象にする経済開発援助の代表的な形式となっており、2国間政府の交換公文による取り決めに基づいて、2008年(平成20)までは国際協力銀行(JBIC)、同年10月以降は国際協力機構(JICA)が実施している。

 一般に、資金の使途に条件をつける借款をタイド・ローン、条件をつけないものをアンタイド・ローンというが、政府開発援助では援助の質の問題として、アンタイド化が期待されている。日本の場合には、当初は輸出を促進するために相手国に対し、日本からの輸入決済代金にあてることを条件としたタイド・ローンが多かったが、現在ではほとんどがアンタイドとなっている。

 一方、民間部門の借款には、事業会社が海外子会社に対して供与する長期貸付(国際収支統計上は直接投資に分類される)もあるが、商業銀行の国際融資業務の一環としてなされるものが多い。代表的な大型借款として、シンジケート・ローン、プロジェクト・ファイナンスがある。シンジケート・ローンは、複数の銀行団による協調融資のことで、一般には開発途上国政府等の国際的に知名度の高い借入人に対して、中心となる幹事銀行が複数の銀行からなる協調融資団(シンジケート)を組成し、ユーロ・カレンシーを主とした長期で巨額の資金供与をするものである。プロジェクト・ファイナンスは、特定のプロジェクトの資産および契約上の諸権利を担保にして、そのプロジェクトから生み出される将来の収益で返済してもらうことを条件に、開発のための資金を貸し付けるものである。借入れ企業の信用力をよりどころとしてなされる一般のコーポレート・ファイナンスと違って、特定プロジェクトの信用力に基づいて資金供与されるところに大きな特徴がある。

 日本の大手銀行も、1970年代からこうした大型の国際融資活動に参入し、1980年末には世界で大きな存在感を示した。しかし、バブル経済崩壊で1990年代に低迷した後、2000年代に入ると、メガバンクを中心にふたたび積極的な取り組みを開始している。

[土屋六郎・中條誠一]

[参照項目] | インパクト・ローン | コンソーシアム | タイド・ローン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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