A salt lake in Central Asia, straddling the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Uzbekistan. [Mutsuko Hoya] NatureUntil the 1960s, it had an area of 63,400 square kilometers, and was the second largest in Asia after the Caspian Sea, and the fourth largest in the world, including freshwater lakes. However, because it is located in an arid region, its area has fluctuated considerably over long periods of time, and its water level has also fluctuated greatly. Its average depth is 15 meters, its deepest point is 68 meters, its transparency is 25 meters, and its salinity is less than half that of seawater, at 10 to 14, but these values are from past high water levels. In winter, most of the water surface freezes over. The Amu Darya flows into the lake from the south coast, and the Syr Darya flows into the lake from the northeast coast, forming large deltas along the shore, but there is no river flowing out of it. The western coast is lined with cliffs about 75 meters high, and the northern coast is curved into a low, irregular bay, with the port of Aralsk at the inner eastern end of the bay. The lake was named "Aral", which means "island" in Turkish, because there are many small islands along the eastern coast. In the Tertiary Period, the Aral Sea was part of a continuous sea with the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, so the organisms from that time remained, including many endemic species, and fish such as sturgeons and carp were quite abundant. In the 1950s, construction work began to use the waters of the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya for large-scale irrigation, and as this work progressed, the water level of the Aral Sea began to drop, giving rise to the "Aral Sea problem," which had serious effects on the fishing industry and the environment. [Mutsuko Hoya] Aral Sea issueDuring the Soviet era, the waters of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya were used for irrigation in cotton production, mainly in Uzbekistan. As a result, the Aral Sea dried up, and its water level (altitude above sea level) dropped by 16 meters from 53 meters in 1960 to 1994. In 1988, the lake was divided into two, and in 1991, the area of the two lakes combined was 33,800 square kilometers, about half the area. This situation has not changed fundamentally even after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the Aral Sea is at risk of disappearing in the first half of the 21st century. In addition, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and salt from the lake bottom used in cotton production are scattered as the lake dries up, harming people's health, and the infant mortality rate in Karakalpakstan (an autonomous republic within the Republic of Uzbekistan), located on the southern shore of the Aral Sea, is four times that of Uzbekistan. The decrease in the lake water has not only made the lake salty by about three times, killing fish and ruining the fishing industry, but is also beginning to affect the climate. There is an urgent need to reduce cotton cultivation or modernize irrigation systems to eliminate leakage and waste. In 1994, the Central Asian countries along the river agreed to reduce water withdrawals and to allocate 1% of their annual budgets to water restoration projects. [Kimura Hideaki] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
中央アジアの塩湖。カザフスタン共和国とウズベキスタン共和国にまたがる。 [保谷睦子] 自然1960年代までは面積6万3400平方キロメートルで、アジアではカスピ海についで2番目、世界では淡水湖を含めて4番目の大きな内陸湖とされていた。しかし乾燥地帯にあるため面積は長期間にかなり変動し、水位変動も激しかった。深度は平均15メートル、最深点68メートル、透明度は25メートル、塩分濃度は海水の半分以下で10~14という数値が記録されているが、これらの数値も過去の高水時のものである。冬には水面は大部分結氷する。南岸からアムダリヤが、北東岸からはシルダリヤが岸辺に大きな三角州をつくって流入するが、流れ出る川はない。西岸は高さ約75メートルの崖(がけ)が連なり、北岸は低く不規則な湾で屈曲し、東寄りの湾奥にはアラリスクの港がある。東岸には岸沿いに多数の小島があることから、トルコ語で「島」を意味する「アラル」と名づけられた。第三紀には黒海、カスピ海とともにひと続きの海をなしていたため、そのころの生物が残存し、固有種が多く、チョウザメ、コイなどの魚族もかなり豊富であった。1950年代にアムダリヤやシルダリヤの水を大規模な灌漑(かんがい)に利用する工事が始まり、その進展につれてアラル海の水位低下が起き、漁業や環境に深刻な影響を与える「アラル海問題」が発生した。 [保谷睦子] アラル海問題ソ連時代、ウズベキスタンを中心とする綿の生産には、アムダリヤ、シルダリヤの水が灌漑に利用された。そのためアラル海が干上がり、その水位(海抜高度)は、1960年の53メートルから1994年までに16メートルも下がった。1988年には湖水が二つに分かれ、面積も1991年には二つの湖水をあわせて3万3800平方キロメートルと、約半分になった。こうした状況はソ連崩壊後も基本的には変わらず、21世紀の前半にはアラル海は消滅するおそれに直面している。また綿花生産に投入された化学肥料や農薬、湖底の塩などが、湖水が干上がったために飛散し、人々の健康を害し、アラル海の南岸に位置するカラカルパクスタン(ウズベキスタン共和国内の自治共和国)の幼児死亡率はウズベキスタンの4倍である。湖水の減少は、塩分を約3倍に濃くして魚類を死滅させ漁業を破滅させたばかりでなく、気候にも影響を与え始めている。綿の栽培を減らすか、水漏れやむだ遣いをなくすため、灌漑システムを近代化することが急務である。流入河川沿岸の中央アジア諸国は1994年、取水量の節約と、年間予算の1%を水量回復事業に拠出することに合意している。 [木村英亮] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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