The Latvian name is Riga. Riga is the English name. It is the capital of the Republic of Latvia, one of the three Baltic states, located on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea. It is located 9 km upstream from the mouth of the Daugava River (Russian name Western Dvina). It has a population of 764,328 (2000). It is the economic, transportation and cultural center of the Republic, with about 32% of the total population of the Republic, and has the most important port. Since the 19th century, it has been characterized by various mechanical industries, metal processing and light industry, and in particular, railway car (passenger car) production accounted for 30% of the entire Soviet Union before independence. Even today, the production of telephones, refrigerators, motorcycles, radios, home washing machines, diesel engines, turbines, chemical industry and fishery processing are thriving. In the old town, many historical buildings remain, such as the Romanesque domed church built from the beginning of the 13th century, the 14th century Riga Castle (now housing the Historical Museum, etc.), and the Swedish Gate. It has also developed as a cultural center, and is home to many higher education institutions, including the Riga Technical University, founded in 1862, and the University of Latvia, founded in 1919. There are also many cultural facilities, including museums, the National Theatre, and a restored opera house. In the second half of the 19th century, there was an awakening of national consciousness, and the first song festival was held in 1873. The festival, held every five years on a national scale, continues to this day. [Shima Sonoko] historyThe city was founded at the end of the 12th century by Germans such as Hanseatic merchants, the Knights of the Sword of the Northern Crusaders, and the Teutonic Knights, and was also the seat of a bishopric. At the end of the 13th century, it joined the Hanseatic League when it gained the right to elect its own mayor. At the end of the 15th century, it was the base of the Teutonic Knights, but in 1581 it became part of Poland, and in 1621 it became part of Sweden, and was granted autonomy. In 1709, the Russian Tsar Peter the Great acquired the city after the Battle of Poltava. Since then, it has continued to develop as a major trading port in the Russian Empire, but it was German merchants who were responsible for the East-West trade. In 1812, it was occupied by Napoleon's troops. In the second half of the 19th century, major industries developed, and it became one of the leading industrial cities in the Russian Empire, third only to Moscow and St. Petersburg, and many factories began operating, including the establishment of the Russian-Baltic Railway Car Company. During World War I, Riga was the stage for the battle between the Red Army and the German army, and was repeatedly occupied, with the establishment of a Latvian Bolshevik government and a Latvian nationalist government in succession. In March 1918, Riga came under German occupation with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Germany and the Soviet Union. On November 18 of the same year, independence was declared at the National Theatre in the city, led by a group of nationalists. During this period of independence, it became the capital and continued to develop, but in 1940 it was forced to join the Soviet Union and lost its independence. During World War II, it was also the stage for the battle between the Soviet and German armies, and a concentration camp for Jews was built on the outskirts. It was also the capital during the period of the Soviet Union's Socialist Republics after World War II, and in 1991, Latvia regained its independence from the Soviet Union. [Shima Sonoko] [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ラトビア語名リーガ。リガは英語名。バルト海東南岸に位置するバルト三国の一つラトビア共和国の首都。ダウガーバ(ロシア名西ドビナ)河口から9キロメートル上流に位置する。人口76万4328(2000)。同共和国全人口の約32%が集中し、経済、交通、文化の大中心地であり、最重要港をもつ。19世紀以来、各種機械工業、金属加工、軽工業に特色があり、とくに鉄道車両(客車)生産は、独立以前にはソ連全体の30%を占めていた。現在も電話機、冷蔵庫、オートバイ、ラジオ、家庭用洗濯機やディーゼルエンジン、タービンの生産、化学工業、水産加工が盛んである。旧市街には、13世紀初めから建設されたロマネスク様式のドーム教会や14世紀のリガ城(現在、歴史博物館などがある)、スウェーデン門など、歴史的建造物が多く残されている。文化的中心地としても発展しており、1862年に設立されたリガ工科大学、1919年設立のラトビア大学をはじめとする多くの高等教育機関がある。博物館、国立劇場、修復されたオペラ劇場をはじめとする文化施設も充実している。19世紀後半に民族意識の覚醒(かくせい)がみられ、1873年に最初の歌謡祭が開催された。5年に一度の民族規模の歌謡祭は現在も続けられている。 [志摩園子] 歴史町の建設はハンザ商人、北方十字軍の帯剣騎士団やドイツ騎士団などのドイツ人によって12世紀末に始まり、司教座も置かれた。独自の市長を選ぶ権利を獲得した13世紀の末にはハンザ同盟にも加わった。15世紀末はドイツ騎士団領の拠点であったが、1581年にポーランド領、1621年にスウェーデン領となり、自治権が認められた。1709年のポルタバの戦いによって、ロシアのピョートル大帝が同市を獲得した。以後、ロシア帝国内の主要な貿易港として発展を続けたが、その東西貿易を担ったのはドイツ人商人であった。1812年には、ナポレンオン軍によって占領された。19世紀後半には主要な産業が発展し、ロシア帝国内でもモスクワ、ペテルブルグに次ぐ有数の工業都市となり、ロシア―バルト鉄道車両会社の設立をはじめ、多くの工場が操業し始めた。 第一次世界大戦中は、赤軍とドイツ軍の争いの舞台となり、占領が繰り返され、ラトビア人ボリシェビキ政府とラトビア人民族主義者政府の成立を次々とみた。1918年3月のドイツとソ連間のブレスト・リトフスク条約で、リガはドイツ占領下となった。同年11月18日、民族主義者グループが中心となって市内の国立劇場で独立が宣言された。この独立の時代、首都となってさらに発展を続けたが、1940年にはソ連への編入を強いられ、独立を失った。第二次世界大戦中も、ソ連軍とドイツ軍の戦争の舞台となり、また、郊外に、ユダヤ人強制収容所もつくられた。第二次世界大戦後のソ連邦社会主義構成共和国時代も首都であり、1991年、ラトビアはソ連からの独立をふたたび果たした。 [志摩園子] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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