Goldschmidt, Richard Benedict

Japanese: ゴルトシュミット(英語表記)Goldschmidt, Richard Benedict
Goldschmidt, Richard Benedict
Born: April 12, 1878 in Frankfurt am Main
[Died] April 24, 1958. Berkeley, California. German-born American zoologist and geneticist. Graduated from the University of Heidelberg (1900). Associate professor at the University of Munich (09). Joined the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (14) and became its director (21). In 1936, fleeing from the Nazis, he went to the United States and became a professor at the University of California, Berkeley (36-46). He crossed various varieties of gypsy moths (family Lymantriidae) from various parts of Europe and Asia, and discovered that the characteristics of the varieties are inherited according to Mendel's law. This laid the foundation for the genetic study of the generation of varieties through geographic isolation. He discovered intersex during his gypsy moth crossbreeding experiments, and explained that when an individual continues to develop under the control of a factor that determines one sex, it becomes intersex. Part of his research on intersex was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture of Tokyo Imperial University during his stay in Japan (24-26). In 1935, he discovered the phenomenon of phenocopy using Drosophila melanogaster as an experimental subject. By changing environmental factors such as temperature, he was able to obtain individuals whose phenotypes resembled mutants while their genes remained the same, demonstrating that phenotypes are not determined solely by genes. He emphasized the continuity between genetics and physiology, and believed that genes control characteristics through chemical reactions. His book Physiological Genetics (38) was written based on this philosophy and had a major influence on the subsequent development of genetics.

Goldschmidt
Goldschmidt, Adolph

Born: January 15, 1863 in Hamburg
Died: January 5, 1944. A German art historian in Basel. He served as professor at universities in Berlin from 1903, Halle from 1904, and Berlin from 1912 to 1929. He moved to Switzerland in 1939. He was known as an authority on medieval art history, and advocated a strict methodology of stylistic criticism. His major works include Die Elfenbeinskulpturen aus der Zeit der karolingischen und sächsischen Kaiser des 8-11Jh. (3 volumes, 1914-23), Die deutschen Bronzetüren des frühen Mittelalters (26), and Die deutsche Buchmalerei (2 volumes, 28), among others.

Goldschmidt
Goldschmidt, Victor Moritz

Born: January 27, 1888 in Zurich
[Died] March 20, 1947, Oslo. Norwegian mineralogist, petrologist, and geochemist. Studied at the University of Oslo. Professor at the University of Oslo (1914). Professor at the University of Göttingen (29-35). Pursued by the Nazis, he returned to Norway (35), and later fled to England (43). After World War II, he returned to Oslo. Until around 1920, he studied metamorphic and plutonic rocks in southern Norway, analyzing mineral compositions from the perspective of phase rules, opening up a new field in the study of metamorphism and metasomatism, and later elucidating the partitioning laws of elements in meteorites and the lithosphere. His main work is Geochemische Verteilungsgesetze der Elemente (8 volumes, 23-38).

Goldschmidt
Goldschmidt, Levin

Born: May 30, 1829 in Danzig (now Gdansk)
[Died] July 16, 1897, Kassel. A leading German scholar of commercial law. He was an associate professor at the University of Heidelberg (1860) and an ordinariate professor there (66). He served as a judge at the Leipzig Higher Commercial Court (70-75) and the first professor of commercial law at the University of Berlin (75-97). He made outstanding achievements in the study of the theory of commercial law and the history of commercial law, focusing on Roman law and medieval Italian law. He founded the "Zeitschrift für das gesamte Handelsrecht" (Complete Commercial Law Journal) (58). His main works were the "Handbuch des Handelsrechts" (Summary of Commercial Law) (1 vol., 64-68) and the "System des Handelsrechts" (92).

Goldschmidt
Goldschmidt, Hans

Born: January 18, 1861, Berlin
[Died] May 20, 1923. German chemist in Baden-Baden. In 1899, he invented the thermite process (Goldschmidt process), which involves mixing metal oxides and aluminum powder, heating and reducing them to obtain pure metal. This technique is also used in welding. (→Thermite welding)

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1878.4.12. フランクフルトアムマイン
[没]1958.4.24. カリフォルニア,バークリー
ドイツ生れのアメリカの動物学者,遺伝学者。ハイデルベルク大学卒業 (1900) 。ミュンヘン大学助教授 (09) 。カイザー・ウィルヘルム研究所に入り (14) ,所長 (21) 。 1936年ナチスに追われてアメリカに渡り,カリフォルニア大学バークリー校教授 (36~46) 。ヨーロッパ,アジアの各地方からマイマイガ (ドクガ科) の種々の変種を集めて交雑し,メンデルの法則に従って変種の特徴が遺伝することを発見。地理的隔離による変種の生成を遺伝学的に研究する基礎をおいた。マイマイガ交雑実験中に間性を発見し,一方の性を決定する因子の支配下で発生を続けていた個体が途中から他方の性決定要因の支配を受けるようになると間性になると説明した。なお間性の研究の一部は,日本に滞在した際 (24~26) に東京帝国大学農学部で行われた。 35年にはショウジョウバエを実験材料として表現型模写の現象を発見。温度などの環境要因を変化させることにより,遺伝子はもとのままで表現型だけが突然変異体に似た個体を得て,表現型が遺伝子のみによって決定されるのではないことを明らかにした。彼は遺伝学と生理学との連続性を強調し,遺伝子は化学反応を通じて形質を支配すると考えた。『生理遺伝学』 Physiological Genetics (38) は,このような理念のもとに書かれ,遺伝学のその後の発達に影響を与えた。

ゴルトシュミット
Goldschmidt, Adolph

[生]1863.1.15. ハンブルク
[没]1944.1.5. バーゼル
ドイツの美術史学者。 1903年ベルリン,04年ハレ,12~29年ベルリンの各大学教授を歴任。 39年スイスへ移住。中世美術史の権威として知られ,厳格な様式批判の方法論を主張。主著『8~11世紀におけるカロリング朝とザクセン朝の象牙彫刻』 Die Elfenbeinskulpturen aus der Zeit der karolingischen und sächsischen Kaiser des 8-11Jh. (3巻,1914~23) ,『中世初期のドイツの青銅扉』 Die deutschen Bronzetüren des frühen Mittelalters (26) ,『ドイツのミニアチュア絵画』 Die deutsche Buchmalerei (2巻,28) など。

ゴルトシュミット
Goldschmidt, Victor Moritz

[生]1888.1.27. チューリヒ
[没]1947.3.20. オスロ
ノルウェーの鉱物学者,岩石学者,地球化学者。オスロ大学で学ぶ。オスロ大学教授 (1914) 。ゲッティンゲン大学教授 (29~35) 。ナチスに追われてノルウェーに戻り (35) ,のちイギリスに逃げる (43) 。第2次世界大戦後オスロに再び戻る。 1920年頃まで南ノルウェーの変成岩,深成岩の研究を行い,相律の観点から鉱物構成を解析し,変成作用,交代作用の研究に新分野を開き,のちに隕石,岩石圏の元素の分配律を究明した。主著に『物質の地球化学的分配法則』 Geochemische Verteilungsgesetze der Elemente (8巻,23~38) がある。

ゴルトシュミット
Goldschmidt, Levin

[生]1829.5.30. ダンチヒ(現グダニスク)
[没]1897.7.16. カッセル
ドイツの代表的な商法学者。ハイデルベルク大学員外教授 (1860) ,同正教授 (66) 。ライプチヒ高等商事裁判所判事 (70~75) ,ベルリン大学初代商法教授 (75~97) を歴任。商法の理論的研究ならびにローマ法および中世イタリア法を中心とした商法史の研究にすぐれた業績を残し,『全商法雑誌』 Zeitschrift für das gesamte Handelsrechtを創刊した (58) 。主著『商法提要』 Handbuch des Handelsrechts (1巻,64~68) ,"System des Handelsrechts" (92) 。

ゴルトシュミット
Goldschmidt, Hans

[生]1861.1.18. ベルリン
[没]1923.5.20. バーデンバーデン
ドイツの化学者。 1899年,金属酸化物とアルミニウム粉末を混合し,加熱・還元して純粋な金属を得るテルミット法 (ゴルトシュミット法) を発明した。この技術は溶接にも用いられる。 (→テルミット溶接 )

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