Born: April 12, 1878 in Frankfurt am Main [Died] April 24, 1958. Berkeley, California. German-born American zoologist and geneticist. Graduated from the University of Heidelberg (1900). Associate professor at the University of Munich (09). Joined the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (14) and became its director (21). In 1936, fleeing from the Nazis, he went to the United States and became a professor at the University of California, Berkeley (36-46). He crossed various varieties of gypsy moths (family Lymantriidae) from various parts of Europe and Asia, and discovered that the characteristics of the varieties are inherited according to Mendel's law. This laid the foundation for the genetic study of the generation of varieties through geographic isolation. He discovered intersex during his gypsy moth crossbreeding experiments, and explained that when an individual continues to develop under the control of a factor that determines one sex, it becomes intersex. Part of his research on intersex was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture of Tokyo Imperial University during his stay in Japan (24-26). In 1935, he discovered the phenomenon of phenocopy using Drosophila melanogaster as an experimental subject. By changing environmental factors such as temperature, he was able to obtain individuals whose phenotypes resembled mutants while their genes remained the same, demonstrating that phenotypes are not determined solely by genes. He emphasized the continuity between genetics and physiology, and believed that genes control characteristics through chemical reactions. His book Physiological Genetics (38) was written based on this philosophy and had a major influence on the subsequent development of genetics. Goldschmidt |
[生]1878.4.12. フランクフルトアムマイン [没]1958.4.24. カリフォルニア,バークリー ドイツ生れのアメリカの動物学者,遺伝学者。ハイデルベルク大学卒業 (1900) 。ミュンヘン大学助教授 (09) 。カイザー・ウィルヘルム研究所に入り (14) ,所長 (21) 。 1936年ナチスに追われてアメリカに渡り,カリフォルニア大学バークリー校教授 (36~46) 。ヨーロッパ,アジアの各地方からマイマイガ (ドクガ科) の種々の変種を集めて交雑し,メンデルの法則に従って変種の特徴が遺伝することを発見。地理的隔離による変種の生成を遺伝学的に研究する基礎をおいた。マイマイガ交雑実験中に間性を発見し,一方の性を決定する因子の支配下で発生を続けていた個体が途中から他方の性決定要因の支配を受けるようになると間性になると説明した。なお間性の研究の一部は,日本に滞在した際 (24~26) に東京帝国大学農学部で行われた。 35年にはショウジョウバエを実験材料として表現型模写の現象を発見。温度などの環境要因を変化させることにより,遺伝子はもとのままで表現型だけが突然変異体に似た個体を得て,表現型が遺伝子のみによって決定されるのではないことを明らかにした。彼は遺伝学と生理学との連続性を強調し,遺伝子は化学反応を通じて形質を支配すると考えた。『生理遺伝学』 Physiological Genetics (38) は,このような理念のもとに書かれ,遺伝学のその後の発達に影響を与えた。 ゴルトシュミット
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