Kohl, Helmut

Japanese: コール（英語表記）Kohl, Helmut
Kohl, Helmut
Born: April 3, 1930, Ludwigshafen
[Died] June 16, 2017. Ludwigshafen German politician. Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) (1982-90), Chancellor of Germany (1990-98). At the age of 17, he joined the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). In 1958, he obtained his doctorate in political science from the University of Heidelberg. In 1959, he was elected to the Rhineland-Palatinate state parliament, and in 1969, he became the state's premier and vice-chairman of the CDU. In June 1973, he was selected to succeed Rainer Baltzell as party leader. At first, he was active in the small state of Rhineland-Palatinate, so he was not well known both in and outside the country, but after he became party leader, he announced a centrist approach and gradually gained popularity. In 1982, he succeeded in forming a coalition with the Free Democratic Party (FDP), which was in a coalition government with the Social Democratic Party (SPD), and forced the Schmidt government to resign with a constructive no-confidence motion, becoming Chancellor. In the following general election in 1983, he led the coalition government to victory and promoted a centrist approach. After the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, he took the initiative in unifying East and West Germany, and achieved the feat of German unification on October 3, 1990 (see German unification issue). He also played an active role as a standard-bearer for European integration. He held the government for 16 long years, but was defeated by the SPD led by Gerhard Schröder in the general election in 1998 and resigned. In December 1998, he was awarded the title of "Honorary Citizen of Europe" at the European Union (EU) meeting in recognition of his achievements in European integration. In 1999, a scandal was revealed, and he resigned as honorary leader of the CDU in 2000.

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Cole, Fay-Cooper (Redfield)

Born: August 8, 1881 in Plainwell, Michigan
[Died] September 3, 1961. Santa Barbara, California. American anthropologist and ethnologist. Studied anthropology at the University of Berlin and Columbia University. In 1906 he was an ethnologist at the Field Museum, and from 1912 to 1923 he was vice-director of the Malay and physical anthropology department at the same museum. From 1924 to 1948 he was a professor at the University of Chicago. During this time he conducted numerous field surveys in the American Midwest (1899-1904), the Philippines (1906-12), Sumatra, Java, and Borneo (1922-23). ​​His major works include "Wild Tribes of Davao District" (1913), "Tradition of Tinguian" (22), "The Story of Man" (37), and "Peoples of Malaysia" (45).

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Cole, Thomas

Born: February 1, 1801, Boulton-le-Moor, Lancashire
[Died] February 11, 1848. Catskill American landscape painter. Founder of the Hudson River School. Born in England, he moved to Philadelphia with his family in 1819. Studied at the Pennsylvania School of Fine Arts from 1823 to 1825. From 1829, he spent three years in Europe, mainly in Italy, where he was inspired by the historical landscapes of C. Lorrain and J. Turner, as well as the ancient ruins of Rome. After returning to the United States, he settled in Catskill, New York, and painted landscapes incorporating romantic themes. His works include Expulsion from the Garden of Eden (1828, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston), In the Catskills (1837, Metropolitan Museum of Art), and The Journey of Life (1841), which are monumental in the history of American art.

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Cole, George Douglas Howard

Born: September 25, 1889, Ealing
[Died] January 14, 1959. British politician and sociologist who advocated the theory of London suburban guild socialism. He was interested in socialism from childhood, and joined the Independent Labour Party and the Fabian Society in 1908. He served as chairman of the university's Socialist League while studying at Oxford University. From 1915 onwards, he was active as a theorist of guild socialism. During the Spanish Civil War, he supported the Popular Front government, and was expelled from the Labour Party for advocating the formation of a British Popular Front. After World War II, he became professor of social and political theory at Oxford University. His major works are Industrial Self-Government (1917) and A History of the British Labour Movement (1925-1927).

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Cole, Sir Henry

[Born] July 15, 1808. Bus
[Died] April 18, 1882, London. British civil servant and promoter of the Industrial Art Movement. He studied painting while working at the Public Record Office in London, and from 1841, under the name Felix Samary, he published illustrations for guides to public monuments and children's books. He later became a director of the Art Society and advocated the integration of art, commerce, and industry, and was a pioneer of the industrial design movement. He proposed holding the Great Exhibition in London in 1851, and was a driving force behind its realization. He later worked hard to establish the South Kensington Museum (now the Victoria and Albert Museum, London), the Royal Albert Hall, and the Royal School of Music.

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Cole, William

[Born] 1714
[Died] 1782
He was a British antiquarian who graduated from Cambridge University and, while serving as a clergyman, collected manuscripts relating to Cambridge and the surrounding counties, as well as to Cambridge University, which he bequeathed to the British Museum.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1930.4.3. ルートウィヒスハーフェン
[没]2017.6.16. ルートウィヒスハーフェン
ドイツの政治家。ドイツ連邦共和国（西ドイツ）首相（在任 1982～90），ドイツ首相（在任 1990～98）。17歳でキリスト教民主同盟 CDUに入党。1958年にハイデルベルク大学で政治科学の博士号を取得する。1959年ラインラントファルツ州議会議員に選出され，1969年に同州首相に就任するとともに CDU副党首の座についた。1973年6月ライナー・バルツェル党首の後任に選ばれた。当初ラインラントファルツという小さな州で活躍していたため，内外にあまり存在を知られていなかったが，党首就任後は中道路線を表明，しだいに人気を集めた。1982年，ドイツ社会民主党 SPDと連立政権を組んでいた自由民主党 FDPとの連立工作に成功すると，建設的不信任案でシュミット政権を退陣に追い込み，首相に就任した。翌 1983年の総選挙で連立政権を勝利に導き，中道路線を推し進めた。1989年11月の「ベルリンの壁」崩壊後の東西ドイツ統一にイニシアチブを発揮し，1990年10月3日にはドイツ統一の偉業を達成した（→ドイツ統一問題）。ヨーロッパ統合の旗手としても活躍した。16年の長きにわたって長期政権を保ったが，1998年の総選挙でゲアハルト・シュレーダー率いる SPDに敗れ退陣。同 1998年12月ヨーロッパ連合 EUの会議でヨーロッパ統合の功績をたたえ「ヨーロッパ名誉市民」の称号を贈られた。1999年にスキャンダルが発覚し，2000年に CDU名誉党首を辞任した。

コール
Cole， Fay-Cooper (Redfield)

[生]1881.8.8. ミシガン，プレーンウェル
[没]1961.9.3. カリフォルニア，サンタバーバラ
アメリカの人類学者，民族学者。ベルリン大学，コロンビア大学で人類学を学び，1906年よりフィールド博物学博物館の民族調査官，12～23年同マレー民族・形質人類学副部長，24～48年シカゴ大学教授を歴任。この間アメリカ中西部 (1899～1904) ，フィリピン (06～12) ，スマトラ，ジャワ，ボルネオ (22～23) と多くの野外調査を行なった。主著"Wild Tribes of Davao District" (1913) ，"Tradition of Tinguian" (22) ，"The Story of Man" (37) ，"Peoples of Malaysia" (45) など。

コール
Cole， Thomas

[生]1801.2.1. ランカシャー，ボールトンルムール
[没]1848.2.11. キャッツキル
アメリカの風景画家。ハドソン川派の創設者。イギリスに生れたが 1819年家族とともにアメリカのフィラデルフィアに移住。 23～25年ペンシルバニア美術学校に学ぶ。 29年から3年間ヨーロッパ，おもにイタリアに滞在，C.ロランや J.ターナーの歴史的風景画，ローマの古代遺跡などから刺激を受けた。帰国後はニューヨーク州のキャッツキルに定住し，ロマンチックな主題を組入れた風景画を描く。『エデンの園からの追放』 (1828，ボストン美術館) ，『キャッツキルにて』 (37，メトロポリタン美術館) ，『人生の旅』 (41) などはアメリカの美術史における記念碑的作品。

コール
Cole， George Douglas Howard

[生]1889.9.25. イーリング
[没]1959.1.14. ロンドン郊外
ギルド社会主義理論を主唱したイギリスの政治，社会学者。少年期から社会主義に興味をもち，1908年に独立労働党とフェビアン協会に加入。オックスフォード大学在学中は同大学社会主義連盟議長をつとめた。 15年以後ギルド社会主義の理論家として活躍。スペイン内乱では人民戦線政府を支持し，イギリスの人民戦線結成を主張して労働党を除名された。第2次世界大戦後，オックスフォード大学社会・政治理論教授となる。主著『産業自治論』 (1917) ，『イギリス労働運動史』 (25～27) 。

コール
Cole， Sir Henry

[生]1808.7.15. バス
[没]1882.4.18. ロンドン
イギリスの官吏，産業美術運動の推進者。ロンドンの公記録保存所に勤務しながら絵を学び，1841年からフェリックス・サマリーの名で公共記念物案内書や幼児本に挿絵を描いて出版。その後，美術協会理事となって美術と商工業の一体化を提唱し，工業デザイン運動の先覚者として活動。 51年のロンドン万国博覧会開催を提唱し，その実現の推進力となる。その後サウスケンジントン美術館 (現ロンドン，ビクトリア・アンド・アルバート美術館) や王立アルバート・ホール，王立音楽学校などの創立に尽力した。

コール
Cole， William

[生]1714
[没]1782
イギリスの古物収集家。ケンブリッジ大学を卒業。国教会牧師をつとめるかたわら，ケンブリッジおよび周辺諸州ならびにケンブリッジ大学に関する写本を収集し，大英博物館に遺贈した。

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