Chadwick, Sir James

Japanese: チャドウィック（英語表記）Chadwick， Sir James

Born: 20 October 1891, Manchester
[Died] July 24, 1974. Cambridge. British physicist. Studied at both Manchester and Cambridge universities, working under E. Rutherford. He then travelled to Germany and collaborated with H. Geiger at the Technical University of Berlin. In 1919, he returned to the UK and joined the Cavendish Laboratory with Rutherford (1923), becoming a professor at the University of Liverpool (36). In the 1920s, he demonstrated that protons are released when light atomic nuclei, such as potassium, are bombarded with alpha particles. In 1932, he demonstrated that the unknown particle released in the nuclear reaction of beryllium with alpha particles, which W. Bothe and Joliot-Curie had been working on, is a neutron, which has no charge and is almost equal in mass to a proton. For this work, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1935. During World War II, he represented Britain in the atomic bomb construction project.

Chadwick
Chadwick, Sir Edwin

[Born] January 24, 1800. Longsight
[Died] July 6, 1890. Eastsheen. British lawyer and social reformer. One of the founders of public health, he was instrumental in establishing the Commission for the Inspection of Sanitary Inspection of Factory and the Commission for the Investigation of Overcrowding, Pollution of Land, Water and Air. His 1842 report, The Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain, is a historic document. In 1848, he led the world in enacting the Public Health Act. The Central Sanitary Board, where John Simon was active, was based on this act, and their efforts bore fruit in July 1919 with the establishment of the Ministry of Health. (→Public Health)

Chadwick
Chadwick, Lynn

Born: November 24, 1914, London
[Died] April 25, 2003. Stroud, Gloucestershire. British sculptor. Initially studied architecture, but after World War II he decided to become a sculptor, and created mobiles under the influence of A. Calder. Later, he produced unique abstract sculptures in the form of human and animal images using welded iron, copper, and bronze. In the 1960s, he began to produce constructive works using color. He won an award at the Venice Biennale in 1956, and became one of the leading contemporary British sculptors. His representative works include The Inner Eye (1952, Museum of Modern Art, New York).

Chadwick
Chadwick, French Ensor

Born February 29, 1844 in Morgantown, Virginia.
[Died] January 27, 1919, New York. American naval officer. Served as Chief of Staff to Admiral W. Sampson during the Battle of Santiago (July 3, 1898) during the Spanish-American War. Served as president of the Naval War College from 1900 to 1903. Retired in 1903 as a rear admiral.

Chadwick
Chadwick, Hector Munro

[Born] 1870
Died January 2, 1947. British anthropologist from Cambridge. He initially studied classical linguistics, but later switched to studying Germanic and Celtic peoples. He was a professor at Cambridge University from 1912 to 1941, and founded the university's department of archaeology and anthropology.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1891.10.20. マンチェスター
[没]1974.7.24. ケンブリッジ
イギリスの物理学者。マンチェスター，ケンブリッジ両大学に学び，E.ラザフォードのもとで研究。さらにドイツに渡り，ベルリン工科大学で H.ガイガーと共同研究をした。 1919年に帰国し，ラザフォードとともにキャベンディッシュ研究所に入り (1923) ，リバプール大学教授 (36) 。 1920年代にカリウムまでの軽い原子核をα粒子でたたくと陽子が放出されることを示したりしたが，32年に，W.ボーテやジョリオ＝キュリー夫妻が手を染めたベリリウムのα粒子による核反応で放出される未知の粒子が電荷をもたず，質量が陽子とほぼ等しい中性子であることを示した。この業績によって 35年ノーベル物理学賞を受賞した。第2次世界大戦中は，原子爆弾製造計画にイギリス代表として関与した。

チャドウィック
Chadwick, Sir Edwin

[生]1800.1.24. ロングサイト
[没]1890.7.6. イーストシーン
イギリスの法律家，社会改革者。公衆衛生学の確立者の一人で，工場衛生監督と居住過密，土地と水と空気の汚染調査委員会の設立に尽力した。1842年の報告書『労働者の衛生状態』The Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britainは歴史的な文献となっている。1848年に世界にさきがけて公衆衛生法を制定させた。ジョン・サイモンが活躍した中央衛生局はこの法に基づくもので，彼らの努力は 1919年7月，衛生省の設立によって結実した。（→公衆衛生）

チャドウィック
Chadwick， Lynn

[生]1914.11.24. ロンドン
[没]2003.4.25. グロスターシャー，ストラウド
イギリスの彫刻家。初め建築を学んだが第2次世界大戦後，彫刻を志し，A.コルダーの影響を受けてモビールを制作。のち溶接した鉄，銅，ブロンズを素材に，人間や動物のイメージをかたどった独自の抽象彫刻を制作。 1960年代には彩色を施した構成的作品となった。 1956年ベネチア・ビエンナーレに入賞，イギリスの現代彫刻の代表的作家の一人として活躍した。代表作は『内なる目』 (1952，ニューヨーク近代美術館) など。