Employment adjustment - koyouchosei

Japanese: 雇用調整 - こようちょうせい
Employment adjustment - koyouchosei

When a company or organization is forced to scale back its business activities due to economic fluctuations or changes in the industrial structure, it cuts down its workforce. In addition to the so-called "reducing personnel," such as reducing personnel, it also includes reducing work hours and providing education and training to help excess labor acquire skills and abilities to respond to growth areas. Specific methods of personnel reduction include designated dismissal, soliciting voluntary retirees, terminating contracts of temporary, seasonal, and part-time workers, reassignment, secondment, restricting or canceling new and mid-career hiring, and not replacing retiring or vacant employees. Methods of reducing work hours include restricting overtime, temporary leave (furlough), waiting at home, reducing the working hours of non-regular workers, extending or increasing holidays such as summer and New Year's holidays, and setting days for suspension of operations. In the United States, employment adjustments are mainly done by reducing personnel, but in Japan, they tend to be mainly done by reducing work hours. In Japan, non-regular workers are often adjusted before regular workers, and small and medium-sized enterprises tend to adjust their employment earlier than large enterprises.

The introduction of flexible working hour systems, such as work sharing, which reduces the workload per worker and shares work among multiple people, and discretionary work systems and flextime systems, are also ways of adjusting employment. In a broader sense, reducing labor costs by utilizing non-regular workers or outsourcing work can also be considered an employment adjustment.

In addition, if a business that is enrolled in employment insurance implements temporary employment adjustment but maintains the employment of employees who are insured under employment insurance, the business will be provided with employment adjustment subsidies. Employment adjustment subsidies are a system in which the government subsidizes part of the wages and suspension allowances of employees when they temporarily close their business, transfer employees, or provide education and training.

[Takeshi Yano May 19, 2016]

[Reference items] | Employment adjustment subsidy | Discretionary work system | Work sharing

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

景気変動や産業構造の変化などに伴って、事業活動の縮小を迫られた企業や団体が労働力を削減すること。人員削減などのいわゆる「人減らし」のほか、労働時間の短縮や、過剰となった労働力を成長分野に対応できるように技能やスキルを身につけさせる教育訓練を施すことも含まれる。人員削減では、具体的には、指名解雇、希望退職者の募集、臨時・季節・パートタイム労働者の契約打ち切り、配置転換、出向、新規・中途採用の抑制・中止、退職・欠員者の不補充などの手法がとられる。労働時間の短縮には、残業の規制、一時休業(一時帰休)、自宅待機、非正規労働者の勤務時間短縮、夏季・年末年始などの休業日の延長・増加、操業停止日の設定などの手法がある。アメリカの雇用調整は人員削減を主とするが、日本ではおもに労働時間の短縮が行われる傾向にある。また日本では正規労働者に先んじて、非正規労働者から雇用調整がなされるケースが多く、中小企業の雇用調整は大企業に比べて早期に実施される傾向が強い。

 労働者一人当りの業務を減らして複数の人員で仕事を分かち合うワークシェアリングや、裁量労働制、フレックスタイム制といった変形労働時間制度の導入も雇用調整の一手段である。広義には、非正規労働者の活用や業務の外部委託などによる労働コストの圧縮も雇用調整とみなすことができる。

 なお、雇用保険に加入している事業所が、一時的に雇用調整を実施するものの、雇用保険の被保険者である従業員の雇用を維持する場合には、事業所に対し雇用調整助成金が支給される。雇用調整助成金は、一時休業、従業員の出向、教育訓練などを行う場合、国がその従業員の賃金や休業手当の一部などを助成する制度である。

[矢野 武 2016年5月19日]

[参照項目] | 雇用調整助成金 | 裁量労働制 | ワークシェアリング

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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