Piece - Koma

Japanese: 駒 - こま

〘noun〙① A foal. A small horse. It can also refer to a male horse. [Wamyosho, Ten Volumes (around 934)] ※Honcho Shokan (1697) 11 "In the early modern period, one year old horses are called koma (horses), and _twelve years old, _three years old, and four years old _are called koma (horses)." ② (By extension) A general term for horses. ※Shoki (720) Suiko 20th Year, January, Xinshi, Song "True Soga, the children of the Soga are horses, and if they are koma of Hyuga, they are true hoes of Kure . " ※Genji (around 1001-14) Momijigaga "You have come to me, but I will cut and feed on your koma, even if the leaves are too stubborn." ③ A device that is placed between the strings and the body of a stringed instrument to lift the strings and allow them to vibrate without interference. [Nippo-Portuguese Dictionary (1603-04)] *Haiku poem, Konzanshu (1651), 9 "Koyohikekokiu no koma mo hizatsukige (Ryocho)" ④ A small piece of wood to be placed between objects. "Koma wo kau" ⑤ In shogi, a small pentagonal piece of wood that is placed on the board and moved to compete for victory. There are the king (king), rook, bishop, gold general, silver general, knight, lance, and pawn, and each moves in a different way. [Nippo-Portuguese Dictionary (1603-04)] *Shosetsu Shinzui (1885-86), Tsubouchi Shoyo, 1 "When you look at a human heart as a piece in shogi " ⑥ (derived from ⑤) A person or thing that you can move freely. "The tops are lined up" ⑦ In sugoroku, small circular pieces made of ivory or buffalo horn that are moved on the board. ⑧ Wooden cards used in place of money at gambling halls . Also, something that replaces them. ※Gambling Rules and Regulations (around 1839) "It was named koma because the transaction was _not progressing smoothly." ⑨ An E-shaped spool used to wind embroidery thread. ⑩ An abbreviation of "komageta (komageta)." ※Zappai, Kawabayayana (1780-83) 3 "Two pieces are thrown away under the cherry blossoms." ⑪ The name of a crest. A stylized version of ⑤. Examples include pieces in a circle, and three pieces lined up. There are also stylized versions of ③. [Etymology] (1) Regarding the etymology, the theory that it is related to “Koma ( Koma) ” is incorrect because the “ko” in “koma (horse)” is of type A, while the “ko” in “koma (Koma)” is of type B.
(2) In relation to "Uma," both "Koma" and "Uma" are used in poems in the "Manyoshu," but "Uma" predominates. However, in the "Hachidaishu" of the Heian to Kamakura periods, "Koma" became established as a poetic word, and "Uma" was no longer used except in special cases, such as when used in reference to a person's name.

Source: The Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary About the Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary Information

Japanese:

〘名〙① 子馬。小さい馬。牡馬(おすうま)をさしていうこともある。〔十巻本和名抄（934頃）〕※本朝食鑑（1697）一一「必大按、近世馬一歳称_二当歳駒(コマ)_一二歳三歳四歳同称_レ駒」② (転じて) 馬の総称。※書紀（720）推古二〇年正月辛巳・歌謡「真蘇我よ蘇我の子らは馬ならば日向の古摩(コマ) 太刀ならば呉(くれ)の真鋤(まさひ)」※源氏（1001‐14頃）紅葉賀「君し来(こ)ばたなれのこまに刈り飼はむさかりすぎたる下葉なりとも」③ 弦楽器の弦と胴の間にはさんで弦を持ち上げ、弦が妨害を受けずに振動できるようにするもの。〔日葡辞書（1603‐04）〕※俳諧・崑山集（1651）九「こよひひけこきうの駒も膝月毛〈良直〉」④ 物の間にはさみ入れる小形の木片。「こまをかう」⑤ 将棋で、盤上に並べ、それを動かして勝負を争う五角形の小さな木片。王将（玉将）、飛車、角行、金将、銀将、桂馬、香車、歩兵の区別があり、それぞれ異なった動き方をする。〔日葡辞書（1603‐04）〕※小説神髄（1885‐86）〈坪内逍遙〉上「人間の心をもて象棋の棊子(コマ)と見做すときには」⑥ (⑤から転じて) 自分が自由に動かせる人やもの。「こまが揃う」⑦ 双六で、盤上を運行させる象牙、水牛角などでつくった円形の小片。⑧ 賭博(とばく)場で、金銭のかわりに用いる木札。また、それにかわるもの。※博奕仕方風聞書（1839頃か）「取遣り捗取不_レ申候に付こまと名付」⑨ 刺繍糸を巻くのに使うエ字形の糸巻。⑩ 「こまげた（駒下駄）」の略。※雑俳・川傍柳（1780‐83）三「駒弐疋桜の元へぬぎ捨てる」⑪ 紋所の名。⑤を図案化したもの。丸に駒、三つ並び駒などがある。③を図案化したものもある。[語誌](1)語源に関して、「高麗(こま)」と関連づける説は、「こま（駒）」の「こ」が甲類であるのに対し、「こま（高麗）」の「こ」は乙類であるから誤り。
(2)「うま」との関係で、歌における使用例は、「万葉集」では「こま」「うま」の両方が見られるが、「うま」の方が優勢。しかし、平安～鎌倉時代の八代集では、「こま」が歌語として定着し、「うま」は人名に掛けて用いるといった特別な例外をのぞいて用いられなくなった。

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