State - Kokka (English spelling) state

Japanese: 国家 - こっか(英語表記)state
State - Kokka (English spelling) state
Generally speaking, it refers to a political community with a certain territory, people, and an exclusive governing body, and can also be said to be a continuous publicly organized community governed by a unique governing authority based on a certain area (territory). (1) A proper state in the broad sense includes both the government, which is the governing body as the subject of governance, and the people, which are the governed object, but sometimes the government alone is called a state, and the etymology of the word state comes from this narrow concept. At the start of the Italian Renaissance period, which is the origin of today's states, stato was considered to be a powerful governing body consisting of a ruler and his subordinates. In this way, the modern European state meant above all power and its governing body, but it eventually became combined with the idea of ​​sovereignty to prepare the organization of the nation state. Thus, the state came to mean a governing body for maintaining and managing social order, backed by the monopoly of legitimate physical coercive force. However, there are two major conflicting views regarding the essence of the state. (a) The state is viewed as serving the whole of society by achieving a common goal, and (b) the state is viewed as an institution for protecting the class interests of the rulers who own the means of production of that time. The former has been the mainstream of state theory since Plato, who viewed the state as the realization of the highest good, and has been inherited by modern political science. The latter is represented by the Marxist position. There are two types of claims regarding the origin of the state: ideological ones and historical ones. The former include the divine right theory and the social contract theory, while the latter include the conquest theory, exploitation theory, and primitive existence theory. Marxist theory usually classifies the form of the state from a historical perspective into ancient states based on slavery, feudal states based on serfdom, modern states based on capitalism, and socialist states. (2) Legal theories of the state include the right subject theory, which views the state as the subject of governing power, the right object theory, which views the state as the object of governing power, and the right relationship theory, which views the state as a legal relationship between the ruler and the governed. State forms are classified from various perspectives, but the basic distinctions are between monarchies and republics, autocracies and constitutional states, and unitary and federal states.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
一般に,一定の領土と国民と排他的な統治組織とをもつ政治共同体をいい,また一定の地域 (領土) を基礎に固有の統治権によって統治される継続的な公組織的共同社会ともいうことができる。 (1) 広義の固有の国家とは,統治の主体としての統治機構である政府と,統治客体としての人民をともに含んでいるが,政府だけをさして国家と呼ぶこともあり,語源的に国家とは,この狭義の概念に由来している。今日の国家の起源をなすイタリア・ルネサンス期のスタート statoは,統治者およびその属僚から成る実力的統治機構と考えられていた。このように近代ヨーロッパの国家とは,なによりも権力およびその支配機構を意味していたが,やがてそれが主権の観念と結びついて,国民国家 nation stateの機構を準備した。こうして国家とは合法的な物理的強制力の独占を背景として,社会秩序を維持,管理するための支配機構を意味するにいたった。しかし国家の本質をめぐっては,大別して2つの見解が対立している。 (a) 国家を共同目標を達成することによって社会全体に奉仕するものとみる見方と,(b) 国家をその時代の生産手段を所有する支配者の階級利益を擁護するための機関とみなす説である。前者は国家を最高善の実現とみるプラトン以来の国家論の主流であって,近代政治学に継承されている。後者はマルクス主義の立場に代表されている。国家の起源に関する主張には,イデオロギーとしての意味をもつものと,その歴史的説明とがある。前者には神権説や社会契約説が,後者には征服説,搾取説,原始存在説などがある。国家の形態を,通常歴史的観点から,奴隷制を基盤とする古代国家,農奴制に基づく封建制国家,資本主義に依拠した近代国家,および社会主義国家に区分するのはマルクス主義の学説である。 (2) 法学的国家論としては,国家を統治権の主体とみる権利主体説,統治権の客体とみる権利客体説,統治者と被治者との法的関係とみる権利関係説などがある。国家の形態については種々の観点から分類されるが,君主国と共和国,専制国家と立憲国家,単一国家と連邦国家などの区別が基本的なものである。

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