Dry Climate

Japanese: 乾燥気候 - かんそうきこう
Dry Climate

A climate where trees do not grow due to dryness. It corresponds to the B climate in the Köppen climate classification. It can be defined as a climate region where not only is precipitation low, but the loss of water from the ground surface due to evaporation and transpiration from vegetation exceeds the supply of water from precipitation. Dry climates are most widespread in subtropical climate regions with high temperatures, high evapotranspiration, and low precipitation. Boundary conditions between dry and humid climates have been proposed by climatologists such as Köppen, E. de Martonne, and C.W. Thornthwaite (1899-1963). In each case, evapotranspiration is empirically estimated from temperature using observation data from dry climate regions on the ground, and the boundary conditions are set by comparing with the actual precipitation. Köppen named this boundary the arid limit, and the relationship between the arid limit r (centimeters) and the annual mean temperature t (℃) is r = 2(t + a), where a is a constant determined by the seasonal distribution of precipitation: (1) when there is an average amount of precipitation throughout the year, a = 7, (2) when there is a lot of precipitation in the summer, a = 14, and (3) when there is a lot of precipitation in the winter, a = 0. The annual precipitation in arid climate regions is less than r, and regions with precipitation of more than half of r are classified as steppe climates, and regions with precipitation of less than half of r as desert climates. Arid climates are most widely distributed between latitudes 20 and 40 degrees, which corresponds to the subtropical high pressure zone, and on the west coasts of continents, and the major arid climates in the world are classified as this. Next, there are inland arid regions in the Eurasian and North American continents that are surrounded by mountains and separated from the ocean, and coastal arid regions that form on the coasts of cold currents and upwelling currents.

[Kazuo Fukaishi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

乾燥が原因で樹木が生育しない気候。ケッペンの気候区分ではB気候に相当する。降水量が少ないだけでなく、蒸発や植生からの蒸散による地表からの水の損失が、降水による水の供給を上回る気候地域と定義できる。高温で蒸発散量が多く、かつ降水量の少ない亜熱帯気候地帯にもっとも広く乾燥気候が分布する。乾燥気候と湿潤気候の境界条件に関しては、ケッペン、マルトンヌE. de Martonne、ソーンスウェートC. W. Thornthwaite(1899―1963)などの気候学者によって提案されている。いずれの場合も地表の乾燥気候地域の観測資料によって、経験的に気温から蒸発散量を推定し、実際の降水量との比較によって境界条件を設定している。ケッペンはこの境界を乾燥限界と名づけ、乾燥限界r(センチメートル)と年平均気温t(℃)との関係をr=2(t+a)とし、aは降水の季節配分によって決まる定数で、(1)年中平均した降水のある場合a=7、(2)夏に降水が多い場合a=14、(3)冬に降水が多い場合a=0と定めた。乾燥気候地域の年降水量はrより少なく、rの半分以上の降水量の地域をステップ気候、半分以下の地域を砂漠気候とした。乾燥気候がもっとも広く分布するのは亜熱帯高圧帯に相当する緯度20~40度、大陸西岸で、世界の主要な乾燥気候はこれに分類される。ついで、ユーラシア大陸、北アメリカ大陸などの内陸で、山地に囲まれ海洋から隔たっているため生成した内陸乾燥地域、寒流や湧昇流(ゆうしょうりゅう)の海岸にできる海岸乾燥地域などがある。

[深石一夫]

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