A glassy volcanic rock with almost the same chemical composition as rhyolite and dacite. Obsidian is the name of the stone, and the rock is called obsidian or black obsidian. It comes in black, gray, red, and brown. It is dense and has a glassy luster. When broken, it produces a shell-like cross section (one side is concave and the other is convex, like the inner and outer surfaces of a bivalve). Its specific gravity is 2.3 to 2.5. The glass contains phenocrysts of quartz and feldspar, and crystallites that are a collection of tiny crystals and have shapes such as beads, rods, and hairs. It sometimes contains white spheres made of an aggregate of cristobalite. Other glassy volcanic rocks like obsidian include pitchstone (also called rosinite) and perlite (also called pearlite). The state of the glass differs: pitchstone has a resinous luster, while perlite has developed spherical cracks like pearl grains. In addition, the moisture content also differs: obsidian is less than 1%, perlite is less than 4%, and pitchstone is 4-10%. Among obsidian rocks, those with brown meshwork on a black background are called mahogany obsidian, those with small white spherical spots on a black background are called snowflake obsidian, those with large white spots are called flower obsidian, and those with a multicolored oil film are called rainbow obsidian. Obsidian erupts onto the earth's surface as lava. In Japan, obsidian is found in Tokachi, Hokkaido (Tokachi stone), Wada Pass in Nagano Prefecture, and Oki Dogo, Shimane Prefecture (horseshoe stone, with a horseshoe-shaped cross section), and in foreign countries, it is found in the Obsidian Cliffs of Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, USA, Lipari Island in the Mediterranean Sea, and Mount Hekla in Iceland. It has been widely used for stone tools and decorative stones since ancient times, and even today it is polished and used for accessories such as cufflinks, necklaces, and pendants. It is also used to filter liquids by foaming it. The name obsidian comes from Obsidius, who discovered it in Ethiopia. [Tokiko Chiba] OriginAlthough it is only found in a limited number of places, it is often found in areas with active volcanic activity, such as Alaska, California, Mexico, the Yucatan Peninsula, Guatemala, and Ecuador in the New World, Western Asia, Turkey, Sardinia and Milos in the Mediterranean, Kenya and Egypt in Africa, and other places in the Old World. There are more than 100 known sources in Japan, including Tokachi in Hokkaido, Wada Pass and the Yatsugatake area in Nagano Prefecture, Kozushima and Oki Dogo in the Izu Seven Islands, Himeshima in Oita Prefecture, Koshidake in Saga Prefecture, Hariojima in Nagasaki Prefecture, and Mount Aso in Kumamoto Prefecture. If the sources are subdivided, the number increases even more. There are a variety of forms of occurrence, including dikes, gravel in streams, and natural deposits of finely chipped obsidian (floating obsidian), so a strict geological description of the source is important as a prerequisite for archaeological and physicochemical analysis. [Akira Ono] Properties and usesWhen struck with a suitable stone, bone, or wooden hammer, it splits into shell-like cracks and produces a sharp cutting edge. Although the structure is brittle, its sharpness allowed it to be widely used throughout the Stone Age (from the Paleolithic to the Jomon period) for hunting implements (knife-shaped stone tools, spears, stone arrowheads, etc.) and tools (carving knives, scrapers, drills, etc.). It is one of the most common stone tool materials for making chipped stone tools. In foreign countries, there are stone products made by polishing obsidian. Representative examples include a bowl with a handle that was discovered at the Tepe Gaula ruins in Iraq, dating back to the 4th millennium BC, and a mirror that dates back to about 6000 BC and was buried in a woman's tomb at the Çatalhöyük ruins on the Anatolian Plateau in Turkey. Since the 1970s, various physicochemical methods have been developed to analyze obsidian from multiple angles, making it possible to identify the origin of obsidian excavated from ruins. It has been discovered that obsidian from Shinshu was already being transported to southern Kanto, over a hundred kilometers away, during the Late Paleolithic Period. Furthermore, raw obsidian from Kozushima was transported to the Kanto and Chubu regions from the Izu Seven Islands, which did not become land even during the coldest period of the last glacial period. In this way, the origins and ruins are linked, providing a documentary basis for the collection and transportation of stone materials during the Stone Age, not only on land but also across the sea, as well as the question of primitive trade. [Akira Ono] "Kunihiro Sakata, 'Obsidian in Kyushu - Archaeological research into the estimation of obsidian's origin' (1982, Kogado Shoten)" ▽ "Koizumi Kesakatsu, '30,000 Years of Yatsugatake - In pursuit of obsidian' (1987, Hosei University Press)" ▽ "Koichi Mori, 'Illustrated Ancient Japan 1: People who crossed the sea' (1989, Chuokoron-Shinsha)" ▽ "Hirao Yoshimitsu and Yamagishi Ryoji (eds.), 'Exploring stone tools, earthenware and ornaments - fluorescent X-rays, radiation and fatty acids' (1998, Kokudo-sha)" [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
流紋岩やデイサイトとほとんど同じ化学組成をもつガラス質の火山岩。黒曜石は石材名で、岩石名は黒曜岩、オブシディアンという。黒色、灰色、赤色、褐色などのものがある。緻密(ちみつ)でガラス光沢をもつ。割ると貝殻状の(二枚貝の内面と外面のように、一方は凹面、他方は凸面をもった)断面を生ずる。比重は2.3~2.5。ガラスの中に石英や長石の斑晶(はんしょう)とか、微細な結晶が集まって数珠(じゅず)玉状、棒状、毛状などの形をしたクリスタライトを含む。ときにはクリストバル石の集合からなる白色の球状体を含むことがある。黒曜岩と同じくガラス質の火山岩にピッチストーンpitchstone(松脂岩(しょうしがん)ともいう)とパーライトperlite(真珠岩ともいう)がある。ピッチストーンは樹脂状光沢をもち、パーライトは真珠の粒のような球状の割れ目が発達しているというように、ガラスの状態が異なる。このほか、水分の含有量にも、黒曜岩は1%以下、パーライトは4%以下、ピッチストーンは4~10%というように差異がある。 黒曜岩のなかで黒地に褐色の網目があるものをマホガニー・オブシディアン、黒地に小さな白色球状の斑点を含むものをスノーフレーク・オブシディアン、大きな白い斑点を含むものをフラワー・オブシディアン、油膜のような多彩色を示すものをレインボー・オブシディアンといっている。黒曜岩は溶岩として地表に噴出したものである。日本では北海道十勝(とかち)(十勝石)、長野県和田峠、島根県隠岐(おき)島後(どうご)(馬蹄石(ばていせき)。断面が馬蹄形になる)などに、外国では、アメリカ合衆国ワイオミング州イエローストーン国立公園のオブシディアン・クリフ、地中海のリパリ島、アイスランドのヘクラ山などに産するものが有名である。古代より石器、飾り石などに多用されてきたが、現在でも研磨してカフスボタン、ネックレス、ペンダントなどの装身具に用いられている。また、発泡させて液体の濾過(ろか)に利用されている。オブシディアンという名称はオブシディウスObsidiusがエチオピアで発見したことにちなむ。 [千葉とき子] 産地産地は限られるが、火山活動が盛んであった地域に多くみられる。たとえば新大陸のアラスカ、カリフォルニア、メキシコ、ユカタン半島、グアテマラ、エクアドル。旧大陸の西アジア、トルコ、地中海のサルデーニャ島、ミロス島、アフリカのケニア、エジプトなど。 日本でも北海道十勝、長野県和田峠・八ヶ岳付近、伊豆七島の神津島(こうづしま)、隠岐島後、大分県姫島、佐賀県腰岳(こしだけ)、長崎県針尾島、熊本県阿蘇山(あそさん)など100か所以上の産地が知られる。産地を細分すればその数はさらに増える。岩脈、沢の転礫(てんれき)、細屑(さいせつ)された黒曜石の自然堆積(たいせき)(floating obsidian)など、多様な産状があるので、考古学的な分析や理化学分析の前提として、産地の厳密な地質学的記載が重要である。 [小野 昭] 性質・用途石・骨・木製など適当なハンマーで打撃を加えると、貝殻状の割れ口を示し、鋭利な刃部が得られる。組織は脆(もろ)いが、その鋭利な性質を利用して、石器時代全般(旧石器時代から縄文時代)にわたって狩猟具(ナイフ形石器、槍(やり)、石鏃(せきぞく)など)や工具(彫刻刀、スクレーパー、ドリルなど)として多用された。打製石器製作のための代表的な石器素材の一つである。 外国では黒曜石を研磨して製作した石製品がある。紀元前四千年紀イラクのテペ・ガウラ遺跡で発見された把手(とって)付きの碗(わん)、トルコのアナトリア高原チャタル・ヒュユク遺跡で女性の墓に副葬された前約6000年にさかのぼる鏡などはその代表例である。 1970年代以降、各種の理化学的方法の開発によって黒曜石が多角的に分析され、遺跡から出土する黒曜石の産地同定が可能となった。後期旧石器時代においてすでに信州産の黒曜石は、百数十キロメートルも離れた南関東まで搬出されたことがわかった。また、最終氷期の最寒冷期においても陸化しなかった伊豆七島から、神津島産の黒曜石原石が関東、中部地方に搬出されていた。このように産地と遺跡が結び付けられ、陸域だけでなく海を越えた石器時代の石材採取・運搬、さらには原始交易の問題に資料的な基礎を提供している。 [小野 昭] 『坂田邦洋著『九州の黒曜石――黒曜石の産地推定に関する考古学的研究』(1982・広雅堂書店)』▽『小泉袈裟勝著『八ヶ岳の三万年――黒曜石を追って』(1987・法政大学出版局)』▽『森浩一著『図説日本の古代1 海を渡った人びと』(1989・中央公論社)』▽『平尾良光・山岸良二編『石器・土器・装飾品を探る――蛍光X線、放射線、脂肪酸』(1998・国土社)』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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