Herodotus - Herodotus

Japanese: ヘロドトス - へろどとす(英語表記)Herodotos
Herodotus - Herodotus

Ancient Greek historian. Called the "Father of History" by Cicero.

Life

He was born into a noble family in Halicarnassus in the Dorian region of Asia Minor. He participated in an attempt to overthrow the tyrant Lygdamis, but was defeated and went into exile on the island of Samos. He appears to have returned to Greece around 455 BC, but shortly thereafter set out on a research trip, giving talks about his findings in various places. He visited Athens around 445 BC, and in 443 BC he participated in the founding of the Athenian colony of Thurii in southern Italy, where he was granted citizenship, and is thought to have died there. He was a great traveler of ancient times, whose footsteps ranged from Babylon in Mesopotamia in the east, southern Italy in the west, the northern coast of the Black Sea, and the island of Elephantine, 1,000 kilometers up the Nile.

[Shoji Kiyonaga]

"History"

Herodotus wrote down the results of his research (Historia) based on his sightings, hearsay, and documents from various places, and compiled them into a large work, "The Histories," in Attic and Ionian dialects mixed with poetic language. It is believed that Aristarchus, a philologist from Alexandria in the 2nd century BC, divided this into nine volumes. In this work, Herodotus begins the story of the conflict between the Greeks in the West and the Barbarians in the East, starting from the legendary period (Vol. 1, Chapters 1-5), then traces the rise and fall of Lydia, the first Barbarian kingdom to rule over the Greeks in Asia Minor and to form friendly relations with the Greeks on the mainland (Vol. 1, Chapters 6-94), the development of the Persian Empire that destroyed it (Vol. 1, Chapter 95-Vol. 5, Chapter 22), the Ionian Revolt (Vol. 5, Chapter 23-Vol. 6, Chapter 42), and the Persian Wars (Vol. 6, Chapter 43-Vol. 9, Chapter 121), in which Greece was victorious against the Persian expeditionary force, up until 479 B.C. Opinions are divided as to whether the story is complete in the last chapter (Vol. 9, Chapter 122). Although there are various digressions of various lengths inserted throughout the work, mainly of geographical and ethnological content, the work is designed as a whole to focus on the Persian Wars, the climax of the conflict between East and West, in line with the goal (prologue) of conveying to future generations the great achievements of the Greeks and barbarians, particularly the Persian Wars and their causes.

Herodotus was a gifted storyteller, whose works are called "narrative histories," and who often presents various sources on the same subject as is, but selects sources when he can judge their reliability. He had no ethnic prejudices, was more interested in facts than ideas, and was sometimes skeptical of myths, but he basically accepted gods, oracles, and omens, and believed that in a world bound by fate and chance, humans still have freedom of action, but that arrogance that exceeds this limit will be warned and punished by the gods. Criticism of his Histories has continued since Thucydides, and although it is true that there are errors and omissions, today it is generally considered to be highly reliable.

[Shoji Kiyonaga]

"History" translated by Matsudaira Chiaki, 3 volumes (Iwanami Bunko)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

古代ギリシアの歴史家。キケロにより「歴史の父」とよばれる。

生涯

小アジアのドーリス地方のハリカルナッソスの名家に生まれる。僭主(せんしゅ)リグダミス打倒の試みに参加して敗れ、サモス島に亡命。紀元前455年ごろいったん帰国したようであるが、その後まもなく研究調査の旅行に出、各地でその成果を口演し、前445年ごろアテネを訪れ、前443年に南イタリアにおけるアテネの植民市トゥリオイの建設に加わって、その市民権を得、そこで死んだと思われる。古代の大旅行家で、その足跡は、東はメソポタミアのバビロン、西は南イタリア、北は黒海北岸、南はナイル川を1000キロメートルもさかのぼったエレファンティネ島に及んだ。

[清永昭次]

『歴史(ヒストリアイHistoriai)』

ヘロドトスは、各地での目撃、伝聞、文献などに基づく探究の成果(ヒストリア)を書きため、アッティカ方言と詩語を交えたイオニア方言を用いて、それを大著『歴史』にまとめあげた。これを9巻に分けたのは、前2世紀のアレクサンドリアの文献学者アリスタルコスだったと考えられる。本書においてヘロドトスは、西方のギリシア人と東方のバルバロイの抗争を伝説時代から説き起こし(1巻1~5章)、小アジアのギリシア人を支配し、本土のギリシア人と友好関係を結んだ最初のバルバロイの王国であるリディアの盛衰(1巻6~94章)と、これを滅ぼしたペルシア帝国の発展(1巻95章~5巻22章)の跡をたどり、この帝国に対して小アジアのギリシア人が蜂起(ほうき)したイオニア反乱(5巻23章~6巻42章)を経て、ペルシアの大遠征軍を迎えてギリシアが勝利したペルシア戦争の経過を、前479年まで詳述した(6巻43章~9巻121章)。最後の章(9巻122章)で完結しているか否かについては意見が分かれている。また地理学、民族学的内容のものを中心に、長短さまざまな「脱線」が随所に挿入されているが、ギリシア人とバルバロイの偉大な事績の数々、とくにペルシア戦争とその原因を後世に伝えるという目標(序章)に沿って、東西の対立抗争のクライマックスとしてのペルシア戦争に叙述が集中していくように、全体が構想されている。

 ヘロドトスは天才的な語り手で、その著作は「物語り的歴史」とよばれ、またしばしば、同じ事柄についてのさまざまな資料をそのまま提供しているが、信憑(しんぴょう)性を判断できる場合は資料を選択している。彼には民族的偏見がなく、観念よりも事実への関心が強く、神話を疑うこともあったが、基本的には神々、神託、前兆などを受け入れ、運命と偶然に縛られる世界において、人間はなお行動の自由をもつが、その限界を超えた傲慢(ごうまん)は神々の警告を受け、罰せられると信じた。彼の『歴史』への批判は、トゥキディデス以来続いており、確かに誤った叙述や脱漏などもあるが、今日では信頼性が高いとみる見解が一般的である。

[清永昭次]

『松平千秋訳『歴史』全3冊(岩波文庫)』

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