The idea that members of the Diet should act as representatives of all the people, not as representatives of a particular electoral district, status, or interest. The Constitution of Japan also states that "Both Houses shall be composed of elected members representing all the people" (Article 43). This is a natural consequence of the fact that the Constitution of Japan upholds the principle of popular sovereignty, and that instead of the previous sovereignty of the Emperor, the Diet has come to have the status and authority of the highest organ of state power as an organ representing the people. In the estates parliaments that existed in medieval Europe, representatives of the clergy, nobles, and commoners (citizens) composed the Three Estates (in Britain, it was a bicameral system consisting of clergy, nobles, knights (minor nobles), and commoners), and the members were bound by the orders of the respective estates from which they were elected (mandate by imperative, or Mandre Impératif). The idea of national representation was established in Britain when the idea of parliament having the highest power emerged through the two civil revolutions that occurred in the 17th century (the Puritan Revolution and the Glorious Revolution). In France, the preamble to the Declaration of the Rights of Man at the end of the 18th century stated that "the representatives of the French people organized as a National Assembly," and later, the 1791 French Constitution and the 1919 Weimar Constitution also stipulated that members of parliament are representatives of the entire nation and that they are not permitted to give mandates to themselves. Thus, the idea of national representation was linked to parliamentary systems during the establishment of modern nation states in various countries, and played a role as a democratic ideology that criticized absolutist rule and autocracy. By the way, although the bourgeoisie advocated the idea of national representation in order to oppose absolute monarchs and thus gained the support of the general public, the electoral system in each country until the end of the 19th century was limited to a small number of people who were "proper and educated." As a result, with the numbers of the lower middle class and working classes rapidly increasing, the substance of the idea of national representation was called into question, calls were made for the expansion of suffrage, and today universal suffrage has been implemented in most countries. Therefore, the issue surrounding national representation today is whether Diet members are fulfilling their duties from a broad national perspective, rather than acting only in the interests of the political party or constituency to which they belong. [Hiroshi Tanaka] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
議会の議員は、特定の選挙区・身分・利益の代表ではなく、全国民の代表として行動すべきであるという考え。日本国憲法においても、「両議院は、全国民を代表する選挙された議員でこれを組織する」(43条)とある。このことは、日本国憲法が国民主権主義を掲げ、それまでの天皇主権にかわって、国会が国民代表の機関として国権の最高機関という地位・権限を有するようになった当然の帰結といえよう。 中世ヨーロッパに存在した身分制議会では、僧侶(そうりょ)・貴族・庶民(市民)身分の代表者が三部会(イギリスでは僧侶・貴族身分と騎士〈小貴族〉・庶民身分による二院制)を構成し、議員は選出された母体である各身分の指令に拘束された(命令的委任=マンダ・アンペラティフ)。国民代表の観念は、イギリスでは、17世紀に起こった二つの市民革命(ピューリタン革命・名誉革命)を通じて、議会に最高権力があるという考えが登場するなかで定着した。フランスでは、18世紀末の人権宣言の前文において、「国民議会として組織されたフランス人民の代表者たち」と述べられ、その後、1791年フランス憲法、また1919年のワイマール憲法などでも、議員は全国民の代表者、議員に委任を与えることは許されない旨の規定がなされている。こうして、国民代表の観念は、各国における近代国家成立期に議会制と結び付き、絶対主義支配や専制政治を批判する民主主義思想としての役割を果たした。 ところで、市民階級が絶対君主に対抗するために国民代表の理念を主張し、それによって国民大衆の支持を得たとはいえ、19世紀末までの各国における選挙制度は制限選挙であったから、選挙・被選挙権は「財産と教養ある」一部の人々に限定されていた。そこで、小市民層や労働者階級の数が急激に増大するなかで、国民代表の観念のもつ実質が問われることになり、参政権の拡大が叫ばれ、今日ではほとんどの国々で普通選挙制が実施されるようになった。したがって、今日の国民代表をめぐる問題は、国会議員が所属する政党や選挙区の利害だけで行動するのではなく、広く全国民的視野にたってその職責を果たしているかどうか、ということになろう。 [田中 浩] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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