Fang Xiaoru - Fang Xiaoru

A Chinese thinker in the early Ming Dynasty. His pen name was Xizhi or Kiko, and his pen name was Xunzhi. He was from Xiangshan County, Zhejiang Province. He named his father's name Zhengxue. He studied under Song Lian, a literary hero of the early Ming Dynasty who had mastered Confucianism and Buddhism, and furthered his knowledge. When Emperor Hui (Emperor Jianwen) ascended to the throne in 1398, he was successively appointed as Hanlin Clerk, Hanlin Doctor, and Doctor of Literature, and was consulted on national affairs. When Yan King Zhudi (later Emperor Yongle) raised an army, he wrote all of the imperial edicts to suppress the army. When Emperor Hui died and Emperor Chengzu Yongle ascended to the throne, he was ordered to write an accession decree, but refused, risking his life, and wrote "Yan bandits are sacking the throne," leading to his crucifixion and the annihilation of 847 members of his family. Today, only the 24 volumes of "Xun Zhi Zhai Shu" remain of his writings. The contents of his philosophy are within the framework of Neo-Confucianism. Rather, he was highly regarded as a righteous man who demonstrated "just cause" in the late Ming Dynasty, when party strife and oppression were intense, especially by the Donglin school, and was also highly regarded by members of the Kimon school in Japan.

[Takashi February 17, 2016]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、明(みん)代初期の思想家。字(あざな)は希直(きちょく)、または希古(きこ)、号は遜志(そんし)。浙江(せっこう)省象山県の人。その廬(いおり)を正学と名づけた。儒仏を究めた明初の文雄、宋濂(そうれん)に学んで学殖を深めた。恵帝（建文帝）が1398年に即位すると翰林侍講(かんりんじこう)、翰林博士、文学博士と累遷し、国家大政の諮問にあずかり、燕(えん)王朱棣(しゅてい)（後の永楽帝）が兵をおこすと討伐の詔檄(しょうげき)を全部書いた。恵帝が自焚(じふん)し、成祖永楽帝が即位して、即位の詔(みことのり)を書くことを命ぜられると死をもって拒絶し、「燕賊纂位(えんぞくさんみ)」と書いて磔刑(たっけい)に処せられ、一族847人も族滅された。著書はいま『遜志斎集』24巻のみが残っている。思想内容は朱子学の枠を出ない。むしろ「大義名分」を発揮した正義の人として、党争、弾圧の激しかった明末に、とくに東林派に高く評価され、日本においても崎門(きもん)学派の人に評価された。

［田公平　2016年2月17日］

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