Doctor of the Five Classics - Gokyohakushi

Japanese: 五経博士 - ごきょうはくし

An official position in the Western Han Dynasty of China. The title of Hakase had existed since the Qin Dynasty and was in charge of matters relating to the past and present. Emperor Wu of Han appointed the first Five Classics Doctors in 136 B.C., at the suggestion of Dong Zhongshu. The Five Classics are the most fundamental Confucian scriptures: the Book of Changes, the Book of Documents, the Book of Songs, the Book of Rites, and the Spring and Autumn Annals. In addition to the Shih-hakase who had already been appointed during the reign of Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing, he appointed four more doctors of the Four Classics. Later, the total number of doctors increased to 12, and by the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were 14 doctors. Under the Five Classics Doctors, who were professors who interpreted and taught the scriptures, there were doctoral students (50 people) and they formed the highest educational institution, the Taixue (see University). Doctoral students (Taigakusei) were given an annual examination, and those who passed became government officials. The student quota later reached more than 30,000. This system made Confucianism an officially recognized academic field, and at the same time, the state monopolized the interpretation of the scriptures, aiming to control thought through educational policy. For this reason, scholars began to devote themselves exclusively to the restoration and commentary of the classics (explanations). In Japan in the 6th century, during the reign of Emperor Keitai and Emperor Kinmei, scholars of the Five Classics were sent as tributes from Baekje, and in turn came to Japan to teach Chinese classics. → Four Books and Five Classics / Explanatory Studies

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

中国，前漢時代におかれた官職。博士はすでに秦代からあり，〈古今を通じることをつかさどる〉ものであった。漢の武帝は前136年に董仲舒(とうちゅうじょ)の献言を入れて初めて五経博士をおいた。五経とは《易経》《書経》《詩経》《礼記》《春秋》という儒教の最も基本的な経典をいうが，すでに文帝・景帝時代にあった詩博士に加えて，四経の博士４名を任命した。のち計12名となり，後漢初めには14博士がたてられた。経典を解釈して教える教授としての五経博士の下に博士弟子員（50名）があって最高学府の太学（大学を参照）を構成した。博士弟子員（太学生）は年１度の考試を経て合格者が官僚となるシステムで，学生定員はのち３万余人にも達した。この制度により儒教を国家公認の学問とすると同時に，経典の解釈を国家が独占し文教政策上での思想統制を図った。このため，学者はもっぱら古典の復旧と注釈（訓詁(くんこ)）に専念するようになった。なお，日本では６世紀，継体・欽明朝に百済(くだら)から五経博士が貢上され，交替で渡来して中国の経学を伝えた。→四書五経／訓詁学

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