Kyuden - Kyuden

Fields given by manor lords to manor officials as a salary for their duties. There were fields given to manor management agencies such as the Azukaridokoro (official office), Kengyo (police inspector), Geshi (police officer), Kumon (police officer), Satanin (police officer), and Tone (police chief), as well as to handicraft producers such as blacksmiths, leather makers, paper makers, and pottery makers, and to transportation personnel such as kandori (police officers). The lords who were given fields were exempt from paying annual taxes and official duties for the fields, and used the money as their own income. In the land register, the inspection book, the fields were listed under "division" and "appointment" (meaning expenditure), and were excluded from the lord's estimated income. There were two ways of managing the land: the landlord managed it directly using the labor of his servants and subordinates, or he contracted out cultivation to ordinary farmers and received land rent. The landlord was given land as a portion of his allowance, but was exempt from official duties (zomen), and only official duties were the income of the landlord, and he paid the annual tax to the feudal lord.

[Takeshi Abe]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

荘園(しょうえん)領主が荘官らに職務給として与えた田地。預所(あずかりどころ)、検校(けんぎょう)、下司(げし)、公文(くもん)、沙汰人(さたにん)、刀禰(とね)などの荘園管理機関や、鍛冶(かじ)、皮造(かわつくり)、紙漉(かみすき)、土器作(かわらけつくり)などの手工生産者、梶取(かんどり)などの運輸担当者に対する給田がある。給田を与えられた給主は、その田地の年貢(ねんぐ)・公事(くじ)を免除され、その分を自己の収入とした。土地台帳である検注帳では、給田は「除分」や「立用(りゅうよう)」（支出の意）の項に記載され、領主の収入予定から除外された。給田の経営法には、給主が所従(しょじゅう)・下人(げにん)の労働力を用いて直接経営する場合と、一般農民に請作(うけさく)させて地子(じし)をとる場合がある。給分として名田(みょうでん)を与えられる給名(きゅうみょう)は公事免（雑免(ぞうめん)）で、公事のみ給主の収入となり、年貢は領主に納めた。

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