Anagni Incident - Anagni Incident

In 1303, King Philip IV of France attacked Pope Boniface VIII. On September 7 of that year, Guillaume de Nogaret (c. 1260/1270-1313), a Roman jurist and advisor to Philip IV, conspired with the Pope's political enemies, the Colonna family, to attack Boniface VIII at Anagni, the location of the papal palace southeast of Rome, and called him a heretic, forcing him to abdicate. This incident symbolizes the final stage of the medieval conflict between secular and religious powers, which had its distant origins in the Investiture Controversy of the 11th century. The direct motive for this was the economic and political pressure exerted by the French monarchy, which had begun its journey towards early absolutism, on Boniface, who was brandishing the idea of ​​papal supremacy. The Pope issued a series of protest statements (the encyclical "Clerix Laicos" in 1296 and "Ausculta Fili" in 1301) in response to Philip's unauthorized imposition of temporary taxes on the French clergy (1295) and the arrest of the Bishop of Pamiers for his anti-monarchical attitude (1301), and endeavored to defend and promote papacy by holding a grand Jubilee celebration in Rome in 1300. In response, the royal authority convened the Three Estates General, the first medieval parliament, in Paris in 1302 and endeavored to foster anti-clerical public opinion in the kingdom. Also, regarding the encyclical "Unam Sanctam" in the same year, which comprehensively expressed the doctrine of the supremacy of the papacy, as an ultimatum, the royal authorities made plans to kidnap the Pope and take him to France, which led to this incident. After the attack, Boniface was rescued with the help of the people of Anagni and excommunicated Philip and those involved, but he died of illness a month later, leaving behind a legacy of factional conflict within the Papal Cardinals that would later become the cause of the Avignon period and the ``Schismatic Schism.''

[Rinsuke Hashiguchi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

1303年、フランス王フィリップ4世が教皇ボニファティウス8世を襲撃させた事件。同年9月7日、フィリップ4世の顧問官ローマ法学者ギヨーム・ド・ノガレGuillaume de Nogaret（1260／1270ころ―1313）が、ボニファティウス8世を、教皇の政敵コロンナ家と結託して、ローマ市南東方の教皇離宮所在地アナーニAnagniに襲撃し、異端者と面罵(めんば)して退位を迫った。この事件は、11世紀の「叙任権闘争」に遠因をもつ聖俗両権対立問題の中世における最終局面を象徴する。その直接の動機は、早期絶対主義への道を歩み出したフランス王権が、教皇権優位の理念を振りかざすボニファティウスに対し、経済的、政治的圧迫を加えたところにある。教皇側は、フィリップが無断で強行したフランス聖職者への臨時課税（1295）、また反王権的態度を理由にパミエ司教を逮捕した事件（1301）などに対し、一連の抗議声明（1296年の回勅「クレリキス・ライコス」、1301年の「アウスクルタ・フィリ」）を発し、1300年にはローマで盛大な聖年祝典を催して教皇権の擁護と高揚に努めた。これに対し、王権側も1302年中世最初の議会となった三部会をパリに招集し、王国の反教権的世論の醸成に努め、また同年教皇権至上説を総括的に表明した回勅「ウナム・サンクタム」を最後通牒(つうちょう)とみなし、教皇の身柄をフランスに拉致(らち)する計画をたて、この事件を引き起こすに至った。襲撃後ボニファティウスはアナーニ住民の協力で救出され、フィリップ以下の関係者を破門したが、1か月後病死し、教皇庁内枢機卿(すうきけい)団に、後のアビニョン時代と「教会分裂」の原因となる派閥対立の後遺症を残した。

［橋口倫介］

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