It is also called "capital composition" for simplicity. It refers to the composition and ratio of capital that is made up of the capital invested in the production process. This ratio differs depending on the production area, production department even in the same industry, and individual capital. This composition of capital can be seen from two aspects: the aspect of value and the aspect of the materials that function in the production process. From the aspect of value, it is determined by the ratio of capital divided into constant capital and variable capital, and from the aspect of materials, it is determined by the amount of production means used and the ratio of labor power required for that use. The former is called the value structure of capital, and the latter is called the technical structure of capital. There is a close correlation between the two, but they are not strictly proportional. The value structure of capital presupposes the technical structure of capital, which is objectively determined by the level of production technology at the time, and expresses it in value. Therefore, changes in the value structure of capital are brought about by changes in the technical structure of capital that occur as a result of the development of productive forces. However, the values of the means of production and labor power, which are the material components of capital, do not change or develop uniformly or evenly with the development of productive forces. This is because it is completely impossible for changes in productive forces to occur uniformly in the same direction and to the same degree in all sectors. The organic structure of capital, which is used to express the relationship between the value structure of capital and its technical structure, therefore refers to the value structure of capital in so far as it is determined by its technical structure and reflects its changes. Capital constantly seeks to obtain special surplus value by adopting new machines and technological improvements and advances, and by producing more goods in the same amount of labor, increases productivity. Competition forces individual capitalists to do this. Thus, the development of productive forces is manifested when the amount of means of production in capital increases relatively more rapidly than the amount of living labor power. The increase in the amount of means of production combined with one unit of labor power is called the advancement of the technical composition of capital, and is a direct indicator of the increase in productive forces. And to the extent that this advancement is reflected in the value composition of capital, it is the advancement of the organic composition of capital. This is the capitalist indicator of the development of labor productive forces. However, the reason why the decrease in variable capital is relative to the increase in constant capital here is because the progress of accumulation does not exclude an increase in the absolute size of variable capital. The advancement of the organic structure of capital leads to the formation of a relative surplus population and a tendency for the rate of profit to decline, and is of great significance to the process of capital accumulation. [Kaido Katsutoshi] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
簡略化して「資本の構成」ともいう。生産過程に投ぜられた資本がどんな部分から成り立つかという資本の組成、割合をさす。この割合は生産部面や同一産業でも生産部門の違い、個別資本の違いで異なる。 資本のこの組成は、価値の側面と生産過程で機能する素材の側面の二つの面からとらえることができる。価値の面からは、資本が不変資本と可変資本とに分かれる比率によって決まり、素材の面からは、充用された生産手段の量とその充用に必要な労働力の比率によって決まる。前者を資本の価値構成といい、後者を資本の技術的構成とよぶ。両者の間には密接な相互関係があるが、厳密な比例関係をもつものではない。資本の価値構成はそのときどきの生産技術水準によって客観的に決まる資本の技術構成を前提とし、それを価値で表したものである。したがって資本の価値構成の変化は、生産力の発展の結果おこる資本の技術的構成の変化によってもたらされる。とはいえ、資本の素材的成分の生産手段と労働力のそれぞれの価値は、生産力の発展によって一様に、あるいは均等に変化・発展するものでもない。生産力の変化はあらゆる部門に一様に同じ方向で同じ度合いでおこることはまったくありえないからである。したがって、資本の価値構成と資本の技術的構成との両者の関連を表すのに用いられる資本の有機的構成は、資本の技術的構成によって規定され、そしてその諸変化を反映する限りでの資本の価値構成をいう。 資本は特別剰余価値を目ざして絶えず新しい機械や技術の改善・進歩を取り入れ、同一労働時間により多く商品を生産して生産力を増大する。競争がこのことを個別資本家に強制するのである。こうして、資本のうち生産手段の分量が生きた労働力の分量より相対的により急速に増大する点に生産力の発展が現れる。労働力1単位に組み合わされる生産手段の分量の増大を資本の技術的構成の高度化とよび、生産力増大の直接の指標となる。そしてこの高度化が資本の価値構成に反映される限り資本の有機的構成の高度化となる。これこそ労働生産力の発展を資本主義的に表す指標である。とはいえ、ここで不変資本の増大に対し可変資本の減少を相対的というのは、蓄積の進展がけっして可変資本の絶対的大きさの増大を排除しているものではないからである。 資本の有機的構成の高度化は、相対的過剰人口の形成、利潤率の傾向的低下などをもたらし、資本の蓄積過程に大きな意義をもっている。 [海道勝稔] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
<<: Das Kapital. Criticism of political theory German
...A man of the mid-Edo period. A samurai with a ...
...In marine species, the forelimbs are paddle-li...
The purpose of this law is to determine basic and...
...However, in the history of Japanese farmers an...
…[Miyajima Naoki]. … From the Jagiellonian Dynast...
Konrad Lange (1855-1921) believed that beauty sho...
...Generally, males are dark in color, but female...
...After revolution and civil war, the country wa...
...They are also called nitrite bacteria or ammon...
…Every year from May to June, the city celebrates...
...Then the breath escapes through the nose. The ...
The title of a Nagauta, Ogie-bushi piece. It is sa...
...A large annual plant of the Polygonaceae famil...
Offerings and sacrifices to the spirits. There is...
...The representative species, Nelima genufusca (...