(1) It means that individuals consciously or semi-unconsciously conceal the true motives of their actions with the intention of self-justification in order to gain social recognition, or the justification for doing so. Since S. Freud, it has been considered a kind of ego defense mechanism, and is considered to be one of the unconscious means of avoiding anxiety. (2) In capitalist society, it refers to the labor saving or policy that capital takes in order to increase labor productivity by mechanizing and automating the labor process in the background of the decline in the rate of profit and competition between capitals. (3) M. Weber, who positioned modern European society as a "development process with universal meaning and universal validity" within the grand structure of human history, presented the image of history as a process of thorough rationalization as the overall picture of that structure. In this process, two aspects, formal rationalization on the one hand and substantial rationalization on the other, are mutually overlapping in a paradoxical way. It is assumed that mutual exclusivity and mutual convertibility, or a shift in type, are simultaneously embraced, with the impetus for new development arising from one requiring the other as an indispensable intermediary link. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
(1) 諸個人が自己正当化という意図をもってみずからの行為の真の動機を意識的あるいはなかば無意識的に隠蔽して,社会的な承認を獲得しようとすること,あるいはその理屈づけを意味する。 S.フロイト以来,一種の自我防衛機制とみなされ,無意識のうちにとられる不安回避の一つの手段であると考えられている。 (2) 資本主義社会で,資本が利潤率の低落や資本間競争などの背景から労働生産性を増大させるために労働過程での機械化,自動化といった手段で行う労働力節減,あるいはその政策のこと。 (3) 「普遍的な意味と普遍的な妥当性をもった発展過程」としての近代ヨーロッパ社会を,人類史の壮大な構図のなかに位置づける M.ウェーバーが,その構図の全体像として提出したのが,徹底的合理化過程としての歴史という像であった。この過程は一方での形式的合理化と他方での実質的合理化という2側面が,相互に逆説的に重層し合う。一方が他方を不可欠の媒介環として要請することのなかから新たな展開の起動力が生じるというように,相互排他性と相互転換性あるいは型の移行が同時に包み込まれる形で想定されている。
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