Whampoa Military Academy

China's military academy was established as one of the results of the first Kuomintang-Communist cooperation to train cadres for the organization of the party army (National Revolutionary Army). Based on a resolution made at the First National Congress of the Kuomintang in January 1924, it was established in June of the same year in Huangpu, a suburb of Guangzhou, with guidance and assistance from Comintern and the Soviet Union, and Chiang Kai-shek was appointed as the school's principal. It is significant that Sun Yat-sen, who deeply recognized that the mistake of the revolution up to that point was the lack of a party army, attempted to organize his own revolutionary army. The military academy and the training regiments (regiments) organized under it were modeled after the Soviet Red Army, and in addition to the principal, commander, and captain, they had party representatives and political members, and were under the control of the Kuomintang, and were responsible for political education for the military. The first party chairman was Liao Zhongkai, the head of the political department was Dai Jitao, and the deputy director was Zhou Enlai. Many other Soviet military advisors served as instructors. Chiang Kai-shek, who was the school's principal, took control of the party forces centered around the Military Academy, and built his own power within the Nationalist government. Later, the conflict between the Soviet military advisors and Chiang Kai-shek was joined by infighting within the school and the military, developing into a complex factional struggle. The Military Academy was renamed the "Central Military and Political School" at the Second National Congress of the Kuomintang (1926).

[Minamizato Tomoki]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、第一次国共合作の成果の一つとして設立された党軍（国民革命軍）を組織するための幹部養成機関。1924年1月の国民党第一次全国代表大会での決議に基づき、コミンテルン、ソ連の指導、援助によって、同年6月、広州(こうしゅう／コワンチョウ)郊外黄埔に設立され、校長に蒋介石(しょうかいせき／チヤンチエシー)が就任した。それまでの革命の誤りが、党軍の欠如にあったことを深く認識した孫文(そんぶん／スンウェン)が、自らの革命軍を組織しようとしたものとして大きな意味をもっている。軍官学校およびその下に組織された教導団（連隊）は、ソ連の赤軍に倣い、校長、司令官、隊長のほかに、党代表、政治部員を置いて、国民党の統制下に置き、また軍隊の政治教育を担当させた。最初の党代表は廖仲愷(りょうちゅうがい／リヤオチョンカイ)、政治部主任は戴季陶(たいきとう／タイチータオ)、副主任は周恩来(しゅうおんらい／チョウエンライ)であった。そのほか多数のソ連軍事顧問が教官についていた。校長であった蒋介石は、軍官学校を中心とする党軍を掌握し、国民政府内における自己勢力を形成していった。のちにソ連軍事顧問と蒋介石の対立に学校および軍隊内の抗争などが加わって、複雑な派閥抗争に発展した。軍官学校は、国民党二全大会（1926）で「中央軍事政治学校」に改称された。

［南里知樹］

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