It is a general term for bonds such as public bonds (government bonds) consisting of national government bonds, local government bonds, and government-guaranteed bonds, and private bonds consisting of corporate bonds issued by companies and financial bonds issued by bond-issuing financial institutions. The market in which public and corporate bonds are traded is generally called the public and corporate bond market. Although they are both securities, stocks are not obligated to repay the funds contributed by investors, whereas issuers of bonds are obligated to repay. Furthermore, while the amount of dividends paid by stocks varies depending on the amount of profits, interest-bearing bonds require interest to be paid at regular intervals regardless of whether the issuer is making profits or not. On the other hand, stocks have voting rights according to the number of shares held, and can be given priority in receiving repayments when a company is liquidated, whereas corporate bonds do not have such rights. Furthermore, while loans and public bonds are the same in terms of debt, loans are raised from specific parties, such as financial institutions, whereas public bonds, which are publicly offered, raise funds from an unspecified number of people. Another feature of public bonds is that they are easy to resell. Public bonds can be divided into specified and general public bonds under tax law. Specified public bonds include national and local government bonds, government and federal bonds issued by countries other than Japan, local government bonds issued by overseas local governments, publicly offered public bonds, and listed public bonds. General public bonds refer to public bonds other than specified public bonds, such as private placement bonds. However, the distinction between specified and general public bonds only began in 2016, and all public bonds issued by December 2015, except for those issued by family companies, are classified as specified public bonds. Regarding taxation of interest on public bonds, interest on specified public bonds is subject to separate self-assessment taxation (it is also possible to choose to have the tax withheld only at source and not have to report), and if separate self-assessment taxation is chosen, loss offset against capital losses on listed stocks, etc., or carry-forward deductions can be made. On the other hand, interest on general public bonds is subject to separate withholding taxation, and loss offset is not possible. Note that interest on bonds issued by a family company and paid to family shareholders of that family company is subject to comprehensive taxation. [Takashi Asaba August 21, 2018] "The History of Postwar Public Bond Markets" edited by the Public Bond Market Research Group (2011, Japan Securities Research Institute) [Reference] | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
国債、地方債、政府保証債からなる公共債(公債)と、企業の発行する事業債(社債)および債券発行金融機関が発行する金融債からなる民間債といった債券の総称である。また、公社債を取引する市場を全般的に公社債市場とよぶ。 同じ証券でも、株式が投資者の拠出した資金に返済義務を負わないのに対して、債券の場合、発行体は返済義務を負う。また、株式の場合は利益の多寡により配当の金額は変化するが、利付債の場合には発行体の利益の有無などにはかかわりなく一定期間ごとに利子の支払いが必要である。一方、株式には株式の数に応じた議決権があるうえ、企業の清算時に優先的に弁済を受けることができるが、社債にはそうした権利はない。さらに、債務という点では借入金と公社債は同じであるが、借入金は金融機関に代表される特定の者から資金調達するのに対して、公社債においては公募債であれば不特定多数の者から資金調達することになる。そして、転売が容易な点も公社債の特徴といえるであろう。 公社債は、税法上の区分として、特定公社債と一般公社債に分けることができる。特定公社債とは、国債、地方債、日本以外の国が発行した国債や連邦債、海外の地方公共団体の発行した地方債、公募公社債、上場公社債などが含まれる。一般公社債は、私募債など特定公社債以外の公社債を意味する。ただし、特定公社債と一般公社債の区分は2016年(平成28)から始まったもので、2015年12月までに発行された公社債は、同族会社が発行した社債を除きすべて特定公社債に該当する。 公社債の利子に対する課税は、特定公社債の利子については申告分離課税の対象となり(源泉徴収のみで完結させて、申告不要を選択することも可能)、申告分離課税を選択すれば、上場株式等の譲渡損失との損益通算や繰越控除を行うことができる。一方、一般公社債の利子については源泉分離課税の対象となり、損益通算などはできない。なお、同族会社が発行した社債の利子で、その同族会社の同族株主等が支払いを受けるものは、総合課税の対象となる。 [浅羽隆史 2018年8月21日] 『公社債市場研究会編『戦後公社債市場の歴史を語る』(2011・日本証券経済研究所)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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