MacArthur, RH

Japanese: MacArthur，R.H.（英語表記）MacArthurRH

…Born in Alabama, he earned his PhD at Harvard University studying ants, and became a professor at the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology. He has consistently studied the behavior, ecology, and geographical distribution of ants, but he is also deeply interested in general theory. In 1967, he co-authored The Theory of Island Biogeography with RH MacArthur, in which he proposed the famous species equilibrium theory and the r.K. selection theory. In 1975, he wrote a major work by himself, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, in which he attempted to establish a theory of evolution of animal societies, including humans, based on the foundations of modern genetic evolutionary science. …

From [Biological Community]

…If we take tropical islands in the Pacific Ocean as an example, and look at the number of bird species that live there, we can see that larger islands generally have more species than smaller islands, and at the same time, islands closer to the continent have more species than islands farther away. RH MacArthur (1930-72) and EO Wilson thought that the rate of introduction and establishment is not related to the size of the island, but is higher the closer it is to the continent, and that the rate of extinction is higher the smaller the island is, regardless of the distance from the continent, and that both are related to the number of species already living on the island. They then assumed that the point at which these two rates coincide represents the actual number of species. …

From Australia

...In addition, the rush to explore the interior, including Matthew Flinders' voyage around the continent (1802-03) and Gregory Blaxland's crossing of the Blue Mountains west of Sydney (1813), led to the discovery of vast lands for farming and pasture. Meanwhile, in the early 19th century, the influential settler John Macarthur improved the Merino sheep, originally from Spain, to suit the continental climate, laying the foundations for the wool industry. In the early settlements of New South Wales, the conflict between Emancipists (former exiles who had served their sentences) and Exclusionists was prominent.

*Some of the terminology that mentions "MacArthur, RH" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…アラバマ州に生まれ，ハーバード大学でアリの研究で博士号を取得，ハーバード大学比較動物学博物館教授になる。一貫してアリ類の行動，生態，地理的分布を研究してきたが，一般理論にも関心が深く，1967年にはマッカーサーR.H.MacArthurと共著で《島の生物地理学説The Theory of Island Biogeography》を執筆し，そのなかで有名な〈種数平衡理論〉および〈r･K淘汰(選択)説〉を提起した。さらに75年には単独で大著《社会生物学Sociobiology：The New Synthesis》を著し，現代遺伝進化学の基礎のうえに人間も含む動物社会の進化理論を打ち立てることを試みた。…

【生物群集】より

…太平洋の熱帯付近の島々を例にとって，そこにすむ鳥の種数をまとめてみると，概して面積の大きい島には小さい島よりも多くの種がすみ，また同時に大陸から近い島には遠い島に比べて種数の多い傾向がみられる。マッカーサーR.H.MacArthur(1930‐72)とE.O.ウィルソンは，移入定着率は島の大きさには関係せず，大陸に近ければ高くなり，消滅率は大陸からの距離には無関係に，小さい島ほど大きくなり，またこの二つは共に，その島にすでにすんでいる種の数に関係すると考えた。そしてこの二つの率が一致する点が実際の種数になるとしたのである。…

【オーストラリア】より

…またフリンダーズMatthew Flindersの大陸一周航海(1802‐03)，そしてブラックスランドGregory Blaxlandらによるシドニー西方のブルー山脈越え(1813)をはじめとする内陸探検ラッシュによって，広大な農牧地発見が相次いだ。一方，有力入植者マッカーサーJohn Macarthurが19世紀初めスペイン原産メリノー種羊を大陸の風土に合うよう改良し，羊毛産業の基礎を築いた。　初期のニュー･サウス･ウェールズ入植地ではエマンシピストEmancipist(満期出獄した元流刑囚)とエクスクルージョニストExclusionistの対立が目だった。…

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