Hyuga Province - Hyuga no Kuni

The old name of the province that is now Miyazaki Prefecture. One of the Saikaido. The province's name was first confirmed in historical documents in 698 (the second year of Emperor Mommu's reign) in an article in the Shoku Nihongi (Chronicles of Japan Continued), which states that cinnabar sand was presented from the province. At the time, Hyuga Province was a general term for the southeastern region of Kyushu, including Satsuma and Osumi, but at the beginning of the 8th century, Satsuma and Osumi were separated and the territory of Hyuga was established. The provincial capital is believed to have been Miyake in Saito City today. According to the Engishiki (Chinese Code), under the Ritsuryo system, the province was ranked as "Chugoku" and consisted of five districts. It is also the setting for the Kojiki and Nihonshoki myths from the descent of the heavenly grandson to the three generations of Hyuga.

Around the 11th and 12th centuries, Shimazu Manor was established in the Miyakonojo Basin, Takachio Manor in the Kumano Shrine territory centered around the Gokase River basin in Usuki County, Usuki Manor in the Usamiya territory, and Kunitomi Manor in the plains of Miyazaki. As each manor saw remarkable development from the 12th century onwards during the Kamakura period, local powers such as Koremune clan, the general land steward of Shimazu Manor, Kudo clan, the land steward of Usamiya territory, and Tsuchimochi clan, the land steward based in Kunitomi Manor and other territories, competed with each other, but in the 14th century during the Nanboku-cho period, the Shimazu clan, which changed its name from Koremune, and the Ito clan, which changed its name from Kudo, divided power in two.

Later, in 1578 (Tensho 6), Shimazu Yoshihiro drove the Ito clan into Bungo and succeeded in taking control of Hyuga. However, after the Shimazu clan was forced to surrender to Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1587, Hyuga was divided up and given to the Shimazu clan and their members, Shimazu Toyohisa, Ijuin Tadamune, Ito Suketake, Akizuki Tanezane, and Takahashi Mototane, creating the prototype for the complex territorial structure of the early modern period. In other words, after the Tokugawa clan established its hegemony, in addition to the Agata domain with 53,000 koku under Takahashi Mototane, Takanabe domain with 30,000 koku under his brother Akizuki Tanenaga, Sadowara domain with 30,000 koku under Shimazu Yukihisa, and Obi domain with 57,000 koku under Ito Sukenori, the Shimazu domain, Higo Hitoyoshi domain including Shiiba and Mera, their vassal domains, and in the mid-period, the Tenryo domain was added, resulting in a highly complicated territorial structure. Of these, the Agata domain (Nobeoka) alone saw successive changes of lords from Takahashi, Arima, Miura, Makino, and Naito, and after the Miura clan, it entered the Meiji era as the only Fudai domain in Hyuga. Since all of these domains contained many mountainous areas, their local specialties were mainly forest products such as cedar lumber, charcoal, Japanese paper, and tea.Through their sales, the domains had strong ties with the markets of Osaka and the Seto Inland Sea, and this led to the influx of Kamigata-style culture, such as Kabuki, Kouta, and Joruri.

The administrative divisions after the Meiji Restoration reflected the complexity of the various feudal domains. When the feudal domains were abolished and prefectures were established in 1871 (Meiji 4), six prefectures were established: Nobeoka, Takanabe, Sadowara, Obi, Kagoshima, and Hitoyoshi. These were soon divided into two prefectures: Mimitsu and Miyakonojo. In 1873, these two prefectures were abolished and Miyazaki Prefecture was established. In 1876, they were merged into Kagoshima Prefecture, and Miyazaki Prefecture was revived in 1883. This was a complex process.

[Kenzen Uehara]

"History of Hyuga Province, Volumes 1 and 2, by Kida Sadakichi and Hidaka Shigetaka (1930, Shishi Publishing)" ▽ "Encyclopedia of Hyuga Local History, by Matsuo Uichi (1954, Miyazaki City Bunkado)" ▽ "History of Miyazaki Prefecture, by Hidaka Jukichi (1970, Yamakawa Publishing)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

現在の宮崎県にあたる旧国名。西海道の一つ。国名が史料のうえで最初に確認されるのは698年（文武天皇2）、同国より朱沙(しゅしゃ)が献ぜられたとする『続日本紀(しょくにほんぎ)』の記事においてである。当時日向国は薩摩(さつま)・大隅(おおすみ)を含む九州の南東部一帯の総称であったが、8世紀の初めには薩摩・大隅両国が分置され、日向の国域が定まった。国府は現在の西都(さいと)市三宅(みやけ)と推定されている。『延喜式(えんぎしき)』によれば、律令(りつりょう)制下の国の等級は「中国」で、5郡よりなっている。天孫降臨から日向三代までの記紀神話の舞台でもある。

　11～12世紀ごろには都城(みやこのじょう)盆地に島津荘(しまづのしょう)が、臼杵(うすき)郡の五ヶ瀬流域を中心に熊野社領の高知尾(たかちお)荘、宇佐宮領の臼杵荘が、そして宮崎の平野部には国富(くどみ)荘などが形成された。12世紀以降の鎌倉期にそれぞれの荘園が著しい発展をみせたのに伴い、島津荘の総地頭(そうじとう)惟宗(これむね)氏、宇佐宮領の地頭工藤氏、国富荘その他を基盤とする地頭土持(つちもち)氏など、在地勢力の角逐が繰り広げられたが、14世紀の南北朝期には、惟宗を改めた島津氏と、工藤を改めた伊東氏の2氏が勢力を二分した。

　その後、1578年（天正6）には島津義弘(よしひろ)が伊東氏を豊後(ぶんご)に追いやって日向を掌中に収めることに成功、しかし87年に島津氏が豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉に屈服を余儀なくされたあとは、日向は新たに島津氏、その一族の島津豊久(とよひさ)、同じく伊集院忠棟(いじゅういんただむね)、伊東祐兵(すけたけ)、秋月種実(たねざね)、高橋元種らに分給され、近世の錯雑な領域構成の原型がつくりだされた。すなわち、徳川氏の覇権確立後は、高橋元種の県(あがた)5万3000石、その兄秋月種長の高鍋(たかなべ)3万石、島津征久（以久）(ゆきひさ)の佐土原(さどはら)3万石、伊東祐慶(すけのり)の飫肥(おび)5万7000石の各藩のほかに、島津領、椎葉(しいば)・米良(めら)など肥後人吉(ひとよし)領、その預(あずかり)領、さらに中期には天領が加わって領域構成は錯綜(さくそう)を極めた。このうち県（延岡(のべおか)）藩のみは高橋、有馬、三浦、牧野、内藤と領主の交替が相次ぎ、三浦氏以後は日向では唯一の譜代(ふだい)藩として明治を迎えた。諸藩とも山地を多く含んでいたため、特産物も杉木、炭、和紙、茶などの林野産物が中心をなし、諸藩ではその販売を通じて大坂・瀬戸内の市場と強く結び付いていたことで、歌舞伎(かぶき)、小唄(こうた)、浄瑠璃(じょうるり)など上方(かみがた)風の文化の流入もみられた。

　維新後の行政区画は、諸藩領の錯雑さを反映して、1871年（明治4）の廃藩置県では、延岡・高鍋・佐土原・飫肥・鹿児島・人吉の6県が置かれ、まもなく美々津(みみつ)・都城の2県へ分轄、73年両県の廃止による宮崎県の設置、76年の鹿児島県への併合、さらに83年宮崎県の復活という複雑な変遷をたどった。

［上原兼善］

『喜田貞吉・日高重孝著『日向国史』上下（1930・史誌出版社）』▽『松尾宇一著『日向郷土事典』（1954・宮崎市文華堂）』▽『日高次吉著『宮崎県の歴史』（1970・山川出版社）』

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