Marsupials - marsupials

Japanese: 有袋類 - ゆうたいるい(英語表記)marsupials
Marsupials - marsupials

A general term for animals belonging to the order Marsupialia in the class Mammalia. The members of this order Marsupialia are representatives of the subclass Metatheria. Since they do not develop a functional placenta, fetuses are born before their eyes and ears are fully developed. They enter a pouch in the mother's lower abdomen, suck on nipples, and continue to develop by drinking milk. They are also called diuteriate animals because they have two vaginas and two uteruses. Unlike those of the subclass Eutheria (which includes all living mammals except marsupials and monotremes), they do not have a corpus callosum, which is a nerve pathway connecting the cerebral hemispheres, and they have three pairs of premolars and four pairs of molars, and the first and second premolars do not have permanent teeth (eutherians have four pairs of premolars and three pairs of molars). They also have a superior pubic bone (sacral bone) in the pelvis and colored fat globules in the retina, just like monotremes in the subclass Prototheria.

They appeared in North America in the Cretaceous Period of the Mesozoic Era, but those that migrated to South America at the beginning of the Cenozoic Era flourished, while those that remained in North America and Europe became extinct in the Miocene Period of the Tertiary Era. Some of them migrated from South America to Australia via Antarctica (where fossils have been discovered in recent years), and adapted and radiated on both continents. In South America, Thylacosmilus, which looked just like a saber-toothed tiger, appeared in the Pliocene, while in Australia, the rhinoceros-sized Diprotodon and the lion-sized Thylacoleo appeared in the Pleistocene (Pleistocene). Most of the extant ones are distributed in Central and South America and the Australian region, with 18 families and about 270 species. They are broadly divided into the Polyincisorida, which have three to four pairs of lower incisors, and the Dictyodonta, which have only one pair. Polyincisoridae include the South American Opossum family, the shrew-like Microbiotheriidae (rolling reptiles) and the Cenolestheidae, and the Australian Puguilla quolls (Tasmanian devils), Thyroid glands, Numpats, Bucconidae, Bandicoots and Long-eared bandicoots. Ditodonts are endemic to Australia and include the Cuscus family (pussycats, cuscus found as far as Celebes, and koalas), Booramidae, Ringtails, Sugar gliders, Kangaroos, Mouse-kangaroos, Wombats and Puglia.

[Yoshinori Imaizumi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

哺乳(ほにゅう)綱有袋目に属する動物の総称。この目Marsupialiaの仲間は、獣亜綱後獣下綱の代表者で、機能的な胎盤ができないため胎児は目や耳が完成しないうちに生まれ、母親の下腹部にある育児嚢(のう)に入って乳頭に吸い付き、乳を飲んで発生を続ける。腟(ちつ)と子宮が2個あるため二子宮類ともいう。真獣亜綱(有袋類、単孔類以外の現生哺乳類全部を含む)のものと違って大脳半球を結ぶ神経路の脳梁(のうりょう)がなく、前臼歯(きゅうし)が三対、臼歯が四対あり、第一・第二前臼歯には永久歯がない(真獣類では前臼歯が四対、臼歯が三対)。また骨盤に上恥骨(袋骨)を備え、網膜に有色の脂肪小球があるのは原獣亜綱の単孔類に等しい。

 中生代白亜紀に北アメリカに現れたが、新生代初めに南アメリカに移住したものが栄え、北アメリカやヨーロッパに残ったものは第三紀中新世に絶滅した。南アメリカからは一部のものが南極大陸(近年化石が発見された)を通ってオーストラリアへ移住し、両大陸で適応放散した。南アメリカでは鮮新世に剣歯虎(けんしとら)そっくりのチラコスミルス、オーストラリアでは更新世(洪積世)にサイ大のディプロトドン、ライオン大のチラコレオなどが現れている。現生のものはほとんどが中央・南アメリカおよびオーストラリア地方に分布し、18科約270種。下の門歯が3~4対ある多門歯亜目と、それが一対しかない双門歯亜目に大別される。多門歯亜目には南アメリカにオポッサム科、トガリネズミに似たミクロビオテリウム科(コロコロ)とケノレステス科、オーストラリア地方にフクロネコ科(フクロネコ、タスマニアデビル)、フクロオオカミ科、フクロアリクイ科、フクロモグラ科、バンディクート科、ミミナガバンディクート科があり、オーストラリア地方固有の双門歯亜目にはクスクス科(フクロギツネ、セレベスまで分布するクスクス、コアラ)、ブーラミス科、リングテイル科、フクロモモンガ科、カンガルー科、ネズミカンガルー科、ウォンバット科、フクロミツスイ科がある。

[今泉吉典]

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