This refers to the biological process of carbon dioxide assimilation using sunlight energy carried out by higher plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria, and is a form of autotrophy that synthesizes organic matter from inorganic matter in living organisms. In higher plants and algae, carbon dioxide is reduced by water using light energy, sugar is synthesized, and oxygen is produced at the same time. In photosynthetic bacteria, hydrogen sulfide and other substances are oxidized instead of water, so no oxygen is produced. In photosynthesis, light is first absorbed by pigments such as chlorophyll and carotenoids, and the energy generated by this process oxidizes water molecules and reduces nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) through an electron transport system that includes cytochromes, plastoquinone, plastocyanin, and ferredoxin, while photophosphorylation occurs to synthesize adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). The reducing power of the generated NADPH and the energy of the ATP then reduce CO2 to sugars and then starch through the photosynthetic cycle, such as the Calvin cycle or the C4 -dicarboxylic acid cycle. On Earth, 5 x 1010 t of carbon and 12.5 x 1010 t of organic matter are synthesized annually through photosynthesis. This corresponds to (2.2-3.2) × 10 10 t of carbon on land and (2.2-2.8) × 10 10 t of carbon in the oceans. Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition |
高等植物,藻類,光合成細菌が行っている太陽光エネルギーによる炭酸同化の生物過程をいい,生物における無機物から有機物を合成する独立栄養の一形式である.高等植物および藻類では,光エネルギーを利用して二酸化炭素が水によって還元され,糖が合成されると同時に酸素が発生するが, 光合成細菌では,水のかわりに硫化水素などが酸化されるので酸素は発生しない.光合成では,まず光がクロロフィル,カロテノイドなどの色素類によって吸収され,そのエネルギーによって,シトクロム,プラストキノン,プラストシアニン,フェレドキシンなどの電子伝達系を通じて,水分子が酸化されてニコチンアミドアデニンジヌクレオチドリン酸(NADP)が還元されると同時に,光リン酸化が起こってアデノシン5′-三リン酸(ATP)が合成される.生成されたNADPHの還元力とATPのエネルギーは,ついでカルビンサイクルまたは C4-ジカルボン酸サイクルなどの光合成サイクルによりCO2を糖,さらにはデンプンへと還元する.地球上では光合成により炭素として年間5×1010 t,有機物として年間12.5×1010 t の物質が生合成されている.これは陸上では(2.2~3.2)×1010 t の炭素,海洋では(2.2~2.8)×1010 t の炭素に相当する. 出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報 |
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