In addition to reflecting, absorbing, and transmitting electromagnetic waves that hit an object from the outside, objects also emit energy in the form of electromagnetic waves toward the outside. This is called thermal radiation or temperature radiation because the higher the temperature, the more pronounced this is. It is also called thermal radiation. Thermal radiation is an electromagnetic wave created by the fine and irregular motion (thermal motion) of the many atoms and molecules that make up solids and liquids, and has a continuous spectrum over a wide frequency range. The radiation energy emitted from a unit area per unit time and its frequency distribution (or wavelength distribution) are determined by the properties of the surface and the temperature. The standard for thermal radiation is the radiation emitted by a black body, which has a distribution according to Planck's radiation formula, and the total radiation amount totaled over all frequencies is proportional to the fourth power of absolute temperature according to the Stefan-Boltzmann law, and the wavelength at which the wavelength distribution of energy is maximum is inversely proportional to absolute temperature (Wien's displacement law). In other words, the higher the temperature, the more electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths are emitted. This tendency is the same for bodies other than black bodies, too, as the temperature is increased, first the emission of infrared rays (which we feel as heat) increases, and if the temperature is increased further, it begins to emit red light (red heat), and if it is made even hotter, it begins to emit short wavelength light as well, becoming incandescent. Energy is transferred from one object to another by radiation, but most of this exchange is the transfer of energy from the irregular motion (thermal motion) of the atoms and molecules that make up the object, so radiation is considered to be one form of heat transfer, along with conduction and convection. It has the characteristic that it does not require the presence of any other medium between the two objects. A huge amount of energy from the sun reaches the earth as thermal radiation, and since its frequency distribution is close to that of blackbody radiation at 6000K in absolute temperature, the temperature of the sun's surface is estimated to be 6000K. The earth's surface also radiates almost the same amount of energy into space as thermal radiation to maintain equilibrium, but it mainly emits infrared radiation. Therefore, solar energy is used in the process of converting short-wavelength visible light and ultraviolet light into long-wavelength infrared light. In incandescent lamps, the thermal radiation from the filament is used for lighting, but a large amount of infrared light that is not useful for lighting is emitted, so there is a lot of energy waste. The light of fireflies and fluorescent lamps that mimic them use a light-emitting mechanism that differs from thermal radiation so as to emit as much visible light as possible. [Koide Shoichiro] [References] | | |©Shogakukan "> Wavelength distribution of blackbody radiation Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
物体は外から当たった電磁波を反射・吸収・透過するほかに、自ら外へ向かって電磁波の形でエネルギーを放出する。それは温度が高いほど著しいので、熱放射または温度放射とよばれる。熱輻射(ねつふくしゃ)ということもある。熱放射は、固体や液体を形成する多数の原子や分子の細かく不規則な運動(熱運動)によってつくられる電磁波で、広い振動数領域にわたる連続スペクトルをもつ。単位面積から単位時間に出る放射のエネルギーとその振動数分布(あるいは波長分布)は表面の性質と温度で決まる。熱放射の標準になるのは黒体の出す放射で、それはプランクの放射公式に従う分布をし、すべての振動数について総計した全放射量はシュテファン‐ボルツマンの法則に従って絶対温度の4乗に比例し、また、エネルギーの波長分布が最大になる波長は絶対温度に逆比例する(ウィーンの変位則)。つまり温度が高くなるほど波長の短い電磁波を多量に出すようになる。黒体以外でもこの傾向は同じで、温度を上げるとまず赤外線(ほてりとして感じる)の放出が増え、さらに上げると赤色光を出すようになり(赤熱)、もっと高温にすると短波長の光なども出すようになるので白熱状態になる。 放射によってエネルギーは一物体から他へ伝わるが、このやりとりの大部分は、物体をつくる原子・分子の不規則な運動(熱運動)がもつエネルギーの授受になるので、放射は伝導および対流と並ぶ熱の伝達の一つの形とみなされる。それは2物体の中間に他の媒体の存在を必要としないという特徴をもつ。太陽からくる莫大(ばくだい)な量のエネルギーは、熱放射として地球に到達するが、その振動数分布は絶対温度で6000Kの黒体放射に近いので、太陽表面の温度は6000Kと推定される。地球表面もそれとほぼ同量のエネルギーを熱放射として宇宙空間に放出して平衡を保っているが、出すのは主として赤外線である。したがって、波長の短い可視光や紫外線を波長の長い赤外線に変える過程で、太陽エネルギーを利用していることになる。白熱電灯では、フィラメントから出る熱放射を照明に利用するが、照明には役だたない赤外線が多量に出るので、エネルギー的にむだが多い。蛍の光やそれにあやかろうとした蛍光灯では、なるべく可視光だけを出すように、熱放射とは異なる発光の仕組みが利用されている。 [小出昭一郎] [参照項目] | | |©Shogakukan"> 黒体放射の波長分布 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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