A term in biodevelopment, opposed to preformationism. It refers to the idea that in individual development, the fertilized egg does not contain a form equivalent to the adult, and that during the developmental process, it gradually develops from a simple state to a complex state, and the adult structure emerges. Aristotle, long ago, believed that the primordia of the various organs of the adult differentiate in a certain order during the developmental process, and took the position of epiformationism. In the 17th century, British physiologist Harvey also advocated epiformationism, believing that the heart and blood are the first organs to appear in the chicken embryo. In the second half of the 17th century, observations using a microscope began, and it was discovered that early embryos, which had previously been thought to have no structure, had complex structures. This was in favor of the preformationism, which holds that all embryos contain reduced versions of the various organs of the adult from a very early stage. In the 18th century, there was a sharp conflict between preformation and epiformation, with the preformation theory prevailing, but the French mathematician and astronomer Maupertuis advocated epiformation based on genetic facts, and the German naturalist C.F. Wolf advocated epiformation based on microscopic observations of the development of kidneys and other organs. Later, in the first half of the 19th century, the germ layer theory was established by Russian zoologist CH Pander (1794-1865), German animal embryologist K.E. von Baer, and German zoologist Radke, and epiformation theory came to dominate. Baer also supported epiformation through comparative developmental research. Furthermore, the correctness of epiformation theory was gradually recognized through experiments and research on regeneration, fertilization, and deformations. Thus, the conflict between preformation and epiformation theory is important in the history of biology, and it can be said that embryology made a great leap forward from this debate. [Sadao Yasugi] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
生物発生学上の用語で、前成説に対立する。個体発生において、受精卵には成体に相当する形態は含まれておらず、発生過程でしだいに単純な状態から複雑な状態へと発展し、成体の構造が生じてくるとする考え方をいう。古くはアリストテレスが、成体の諸器官の原基は発生の過程で一定の順序で分化してくると考え、後成説の立場にたった。また17世紀にイギリスの生理学者ハーベーは、ニワトリ胚(はい)で最初に出現するのは心臓または血液だと考え、後成説を主張した。17世紀後半からは顕微鏡による観察が始まり、それまで無構造と考えられていた初期胚にも複雑な構造があることが判明し、このことはむしろ、すべての胚にはごく初期から成体の諸器官が縮小された形で収められているとする前成説に有利であった。18世紀には前成説と後成説が鋭く対立し、むしろ前成説のほうが優勢であったが、フランスの数学者で天文学者でもあるモーペルチュイは遺伝学的事実に基づいて、またドイツの博物学者C・F・ウォルフは腎臓(じんぞう)などの発生の顕微鏡観察などから、後成説を唱えた。その後19世紀前半にかけてロシアの動物学者パンダーC. H. Pander(1794―1865)、ドイツの動物発生学者K・E・von・ベーア、ドイツの動物学者ラートケなどによる胚葉説が確立されるに至って、後成説が優位にたった。ベーアはまた比較発生学的研究からも後成説を支持した。さらに、再生、受精、奇形などの実験・研究からも、後成説の正しさがしだいに認められた。このように、前成説と後成説の対立は生物学史上重要な意味をもっており、この論争から発生学は大きな飛躍を遂げたということもできる。 [八杉貞雄] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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