Aerospace medicine is a special field of medicine that studies medical problems related to aviation. In other words, it is medicine that researches and applies basic medicine, clinical medicine, and other related scientific fields to medical problems for aircraft crew and passengers. Recently, it is often referred to as aerospace medicine, adding weightless medicine during space flight and low gravity medicine on the moon. The purpose of aerospace medicine is to ensure aviation safety by researching how to ensure life safety and comfortable flights in the harsh aviation environment, aviation aptitude tests and health management for crew members, and the nature of aviation instruments and control devices. In addition, when an aviation accident occurs, the human factors behind the accident are investigated and rescue measures for crew and passengers are implemented. Therefore, important topics in aviation medicine include: (1) aerospace environment (atmosphere, temperature, pressure, noise, vibration, ultraviolet light, ozone, cosmic radiation), (2) aerospace physiology (hypoxia, decompression sickness, acceleration sickness, shock), (3) aviation psychology (aviation-related vision, hearing, flying illusions, spatial disorientation), (4) aviation fitness (aviation physical examination and psychological examination), (5) aviation ergonomics (design and arrangement of aircraft instruments, flight controls, and alarms), (6) in-flight life support (pressurized cabins, pressure suits, oxygen breathing apparatus), (7) human factors in aviation accidents (carelessness, aviation neurosis, aviation fatigue), (8) medical investigation of aviation accidents and potential accidents, (9) evacuation and rescue (physiology of parachuting, rescue at sea), (10) training (aviation physiology training, pressurized cabin training), (11) aviation health management (management of the mental and physical health of pilots, physical restrictions on passengers), and (12) aerial transportation of the injured and sick. Recently, attention has also been focused on the hygiene of airline food, space food, and in-flight meals on commercial aircraft. There are more than 40 aerospace medical research institutes around the world, including more than 10 in the U.S. In Japan, there are the Aerospace Medical Research Unit of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force, the Institute of Environmental Medicine (aerospace medicine and psychology laboratory) at Nagoya University, and the Space Medicine Laboratory at the Jikei University School of Medicine. [Yokobori Sakae] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
航空医学とは航空に関する医学的問題を研究する医学の特殊分野である。すなわち、航空機乗組員および乗客に対する医学的諸問題に関して、基礎医学、臨床医学、その他関連科学の分野から研究し、応用していく医学である。最近では、宇宙飛行時の無重量医学、月の低重力医学を加え、航空宇宙医学と称することが多い。厳しい航空環境に対し、生命の安全を図り、快適な飛行をするにはどうすればよいか、乗員の航空適性検査とその健康管理、あるいは航空計器や操縦装置のあり方などを研究し、航空安全を確保するのがその目的である。また、航空事故が起きたときには、事故の人的要因を調査し、乗員、乗客の救難対策を実施していく。したがって、航空医学に関する重要テーマとしては、(1)航空宇宙環境(大気、気温、気圧、騒音、振動、紫外線、オゾン、宇宙放射線)、(2)航空生理(低酸素症、減圧症、加速度病、衝撃)、(3)航空心理学(航空機に関連した視覚、聴覚、飛行錯覚、空間識失調)、(4)航空適性(航空身体検査および心理検査)、(5)航空人間工学(航空計器、操縦装置、警報の設計と配列)、(6)機内の生命維持(与圧室、与圧服、酸素吸入装置)、(7)航空事故の人的要因(不注意、航空神経症、航空疲労)、(8)航空事故および潜在事故の医学的調査、(9)脱出および救難(落下傘降下の生理、海洋上の救難)、(10)訓練(航空生理訓練、与圧室訓練)、(11)航空健康管理(操縦者の心身の健康管理、乗客の身体的搭乗制限)、(12)傷病者の空中輸送、などがあげられる。最近では、航空食、宇宙食、民間航空機では機内食の衛生なども重視されている。 航空宇宙医学の研究所は、アメリカの10余の研究所をはじめ、全世界に40余の研究所がある。日本には、航空自衛隊の航空医学実験隊、名古屋大学の環境医学研究所(航空医学および心理学の研究室)、東京慈恵会医科大学の宇宙医学研究室がある。 [横堀 栄] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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