Mecca - Mekka (English spelling)

Japanese: メッカ - めっか(英語表記)Mecca
Mecca - Mekka (English spelling)

A major city in the Hijaz region in western Saudi Arabia, and the holiest place in Islam. Its correct Arabic name is Makkah. It has a population of 1,614,800 (2003 estimate). Located about 100 km inland from the Red Sea coast, the city developed on a dry valley in the hot wilderness and on river terraces on both sides. It has developed as an oasis trading center centered on the well called Zamzam since ancient times, but it was also known as the center of Arab polytheistic faith with the Kaaba, attracting pilgrims. Muhammad (Mohammed), who was born and raised here at the end of the 6th century, criticized the idols worshiped by wealthy merchants and preached that all people are equal before the one God Allah, and founded Islam. He was persecuted for this and moved to Medina in 622, and then conquered Mecca without bloodshed in 630 and made it the center of faith. The idols in the Kaaba were destroyed, but the shrine itself was converted into a shrine for Allah, and the old custom of regarding the Well of Zamzam as a holy well and the custom of pilgrimage there were adopted into Islam.

Today, an estimated one billion Muslims worldwide pray toward the city (qibla) every day, and in recent years some 2.5 million pilgrims visit the city during the pilgrimage month. Non-Muslims are barred from entering.

[Motoko Katakura]

history

It is the site of the rise of Islam in the 7th century, but even at that time it was a legendary old town. It is also the site of the legends surrounding Adam and Eve, and it is believed that the Kaaba temple located here was rebuilt by Abraham after it was washed away by Noah's flood.

It was only when the Quraysh settled here five generations before the Prophet Muhammad that history based on reliable traditions could be reconstructed. The Quraysh protected and developed Mecca as a holy city with the Kaaba, while also growing into international merchants organizing caravans. Muhammad preached Islam here from around 610, but only a few people sympathized with him, and the majority persecuted him. In 622, he abandoned Mecca and moved to Medina, and eventually conquered Mecca in 630. He destroyed many idols enshrined in the Kaaba, made it the house of Allah, and made Mecca an Islamic holy place, requiring believers to make a pilgrimage there. Since then, Mecca has maintained its status as an Islamic holy place to this day. It developed as a religious city under the protection of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates. From around the 10th century, the local Meccans, descendants of Muhammad, were in charge of city administration, but the rulers of Mecca were generally under the protection of the Islamic dynasties that ruled Egypt and Syria. During World War I, Hussein, the governor of Mecca, broke away from the Ottoman Empire, which had long been the protector of Mecca, and created an independent power, but was defeated by Ibn Saud in 1924. Today, Mecca is part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which Ibn Saud created.

[Akira Goto]

"Mecca" edited by Shinji Maejima (1975, Fuyo Shobo)

[References] | Kaaba | Saudi Arabia | Medina

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

サウジアラビア西部、ヒジャーズ地方の主要都市で、イスラム教第一の聖地。アラビア語で正しくはマッカMakkahという。人口161万4800(2003推計)。紅海沿岸から約100キロメートル内陸に位置し、暑熱の荒野のなかの涸(か)れ谷と両側の河岸段丘上に発達した都市である。古くからザムザムという井戸を中心とするオアシス交易地として発展していたが、カーバ神殿を有するアラブ多神教信仰の中心地としても知られ、巡礼者を集めていた。6世紀末この地に生まれ育ったムハンマド(マホメット)は、富裕な商人たちが崇(あが)める偶像を批判し、唯一の神アッラーの前で万人は平等であると唱えて、イスラム教をおこした。そのため迫害を受けて622年メディナに移ったのち、630年メッカを無血征服し信仰の中心地とした。カーバ神殿の偶像は破壊されたが、神殿自体はアッラーの神殿に転用され、ザムザムの井戸を聖井とする旧習や巡礼の慣習はイスラム教に取り入れられた。

 現在、世界中に10億人と推定される信徒は毎日この町の方向(キブラ)に向かって礼拝し、巡礼月には近年約250万人の巡礼者が訪れる。非イスラム教徒は立ち入りを禁止されている。

[片倉もとこ]

歴史

7世紀にイスラム教が勃興(ぼっこう)した地であるが、その時代でもすでに伝説的に古い町であった。アダムやイブにまつわる伝説の地でもあり、この地にあるカーバ神殿は、ノアの洪水で流されたのち、アブラハムが再建したものと信じられていた。

 確実な伝承に基づく歴史が復原できるのは、預言者ムハンマドの5世代前にクライシュ人がここに定着してからである。クライシュはカーバ神殿を擁する聖地としてのメッカを守り発展させる一方、隊商を組織する国際商人に成長していった。610年ごろからここでムハンマドがイスラムを説くが、彼に共鳴したのはごく少数で、多数は迫害した。622年、彼はメッカを捨ててメディナに移り、やがて630年にメッカを征服した。彼はカーバ神殿に祀(まつ)られていた多くの偶像を破壊し、それをアッラーのみの館(やかた)とし、メッカをイスラムの聖地として、信徒にそこへの巡礼を義務づけた。以後メッカはイスラムの聖地としての地位を今日まで保っている。ウマイヤ朝、アッバース朝の保護下で宗教都市として発展した。10世紀ごろからはムハンマドの子孫であるメッカの土着勢力が市政を担当したが、メッカの長はおおむね、エジプト、シリアを支配したイスラム王朝の保護下にあった。第一次世界大戦の際、メッカの大守フセインは、長らくメッカの保護者であったオスマン帝国から離れ独立した勢力をつくったが、1924年イブン・サウドに敗れた。現在メッカは、イブン・サウドがつくったサウジアラビア王国に含まれている。

[後藤 明]

『前嶋信次編『メッカ』(1975・芙蓉書房)』

[参照項目] | カーバ | サウジアラビア | メディナ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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