…After the Battle of Malazguird (1071), it came under the control of the Turks, but was temporarily recaptured by the Byzantines during the First Crusade. During the Ilkhanate period in the 13th and 14th centuries, the Akhī organization, based on trade guilds, governed the city and protected the interests of its residents. In 1361, it accepted Ottoman rule, but on July 28, 1402, the Ottoman army led by Bayezid I was defeated by Timur's expeditionary force on the Cubuk steppes north of Ankara (Battle of Ankara). … From Istanbul … From the Ottoman Empire … From [Guild]…In the 10th to 12th century Islamic world, there are only names that hint at the existence of guilds, but nothing is known about their organization. In the 13th and 14th centuries, an organization called Ahiya al-Fityan (Young Brotherhood) appeared in Anatolia. It was a religious association-like organization whose members were the children of craftsmen, and whose ideal ethical code was fraternity and mutual assistance. It was also called Futwa. … From Futwa…The Abbasid Caliph Nasir (reigned 1180-1225) planned to unify these futuwa and restore the powerful caliphate by including ulama, military personnel, and high-ranking officials. Although this ambitious attempt was thwarted by the Mongol invasion of Baghdad, Nasir's ideals were inherited by the akhīs (brotherhoods) in Asia Minor, and many religious professional guilds dedicated to specific patron saints were formed during the 13th and 14th centuries. Meanwhile, the formation of tariqas (mystical orders) also became popular around this time, and the Sufis, unlike the ayyars who valued chivalry, interpreted the spirit of futuwa as patience and tolerance and tried to put it into practice. … *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Ahi" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…マラーズギルドの戦(1071)以後トルコ族の勢力下に入ったが,第1次十字軍により一時ビザンティン側に奪回された。13,14世紀のイル・ハーン国支配期には,同業組合を基盤としたアヒーAkhī組織が都市内部の自治を行い,住民の権益を守った。1361年オスマン帝国の支配を受け入れたが,1402年7月28日バヤジト1世の率いるオスマン軍は,アンカラ北方のチュブク草原でティムールの遠征軍に敗れた(アンカラの戦)。… 【イスタンブール】より… 【オスマン帝国】より… 【ギルド】より…結局,10~12世紀のイスラム世界ではギルドの存在を暗示する名辞があるだけで,組織については何もわかっていない。 13~14世紀,アナトリアにアヒーヤ・アルフィトヤーン(青年同胞団)という組織が現れた。これは手工業者の子弟をメンバーにし,友愛と互助精神を理想の倫理規範とする宗教結社的な組織で,フトゥッワとも呼ばれた。… 【フトゥッワ】より…アッバース朝カリフ,ナーシル(在位1180‐1225)はこれらのフトゥッワを統一して,ウラマー,軍人,高級官僚などをこれに帰属させることにより,かつてのように強大なカリフ権の復活をもくろんだ。その野心的な試みはモンゴル軍のバグダード侵入によって無に帰したものの,ナーシルの理想は小アジアのアヒー(兄弟団)に受け継がれ,13~14世紀へかけて特定の守護聖者をまつる宗教的職業ギルドが多数形成された。一方,このころになるとタリーカ(神秘主義教団)の結成も盛んになり,スーフィーたちは,任俠を貴ぶアイヤールとは異なって,フトゥッワの精神を忍耐と寛容であると解釈し,その実践に努めた。… ※「アヒー」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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