Ahhi - Ahhi

Japanese: アヒー - あひー
Ahhi - Ahhi

…After the Battle of Malazguird (1071), it came under the control of the Turks, but was temporarily recaptured by the Byzantines during the First Crusade. During the Ilkhanate period in the 13th and 14th centuries, the Akhī organization, based on trade guilds, governed the city and protected the interests of its residents. In 1361, it accepted Ottoman rule, but on July 28, 1402, the Ottoman army led by Bayezid I was defeated by Timur's expeditionary force on the Cubuk steppes north of Ankara (Battle of Ankara). …

From Istanbul


[Guilds and Popular Culture]
The common people, from prostitutes and day laborers to wealthy merchants, were all incorporated into some kind of social organization, the core of which was the merchant and artisan guild. Turkish guilds inherited the traditions of Arab futuwa and were based on the ahi, akhī, a religious youth organization that developed in Anatolia in the 13th and 14th centuries, and had close ties with Sufi orders (tariqas). In Istanbul in the 15th and 16th centuries, the ahi organizations were gradually placed under bureaucratic control and secularized, and it is said that they were separated from the Sufi orders and transformed into guilds by occupation. The guilds were autonomous organizations with mechanisms for maintaining internal autonomy, but on the other hand, they were not easily controlled by qādis or muhtesips (muhtāsibs)....

From the Ottoman Empire


[First half]

[Enlargement of the map]
Following the victory in the Battle of Malazgird (between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Empire) in 1071, a group of Turks invaded Anatolia, led by a man named Osman, who established a state in Söğüt near the Byzantine border (1299). This group used the Turkmen who had migrated from Central Asia and Iran as human resources, and with the cooperation of Ghazis, Ahis (leaders of religious organizations), Dervishs (ascetics of mystical sects), and some Byzantine frontier lords (Akritai), expanded their borders, conquering Bursa in 1326 and making it their capital. They then captured Nicaea (Iznik in Turkish, 1331) and Nicomedia (Izmit in Turkish, 1337), and advanced into the Balkans in 1354. Around 1361, they conquered Adrianople (Edirne in Turkish) and moved their capital there.

From [Guild]

…In the 10th to 12th century Islamic world, there are only names that hint at the existence of guilds, but nothing is known about their organization. In the 13th and 14th centuries, an organization called Ahiya al-Fityan (Young Brotherhood) appeared in Anatolia. It was a religious association-like organization whose members were the children of craftsmen, and whose ideal ethical code was fraternity and mutual assistance. It was also called Futwa. …

From Futwa

…The Abbasid Caliph Nasir (reigned 1180-1225) planned to unify these futuwa and restore the powerful caliphate by including ulama, military personnel, and high-ranking officials. Although this ambitious attempt was thwarted by the Mongol invasion of Baghdad, Nasir's ideals were inherited by the akhīs (brotherhoods) in Asia Minor, and many religious professional guilds dedicated to specific patron saints were formed during the 13th and 14th centuries. Meanwhile, the formation of tariqas (mystical orders) also became popular around this time, and the Sufis, unlike the ayyars who valued chivalry, interpreted the spirit of futuwa as patience and tolerance and tried to put it into practice. …

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Ahi" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…マラーズギルドの戦(1071)以後トルコ族の勢力下に入ったが,第1次十字軍により一時ビザンティン側に奪回された。13,14世紀のイル・ハーン国支配期には,同業組合を基盤としたアヒーAkhī組織が都市内部の自治を行い,住民の権益を守った。1361年オスマン帝国の支配を受け入れたが,1402年7月28日バヤジト1世の率いるオスマン軍は,アンカラ北方のチュブク草原でティムールの遠征軍に敗れた(アンカラの戦)。…

【イスタンブール】より


[ギルドと民衆文化]
 民衆は,売春婦,日雇労働者から富裕な商人にいたるまですべてなんらかの社会的組織に組み込まれていたが,その中核は商工民のギルドであった。トルコのギルドは,アラブのフトゥッワの伝統を受け継ぎつつ,13~14世紀のアナトリアに発展した同信的若者組織アヒーahi,akhīを母体とし,スーフィー諸教団(タリーカ)と密接な関係をもっていたが,15~16世紀のイスタンブールにおいてアヒー組織はしだいに官僚的統制下におかれて世俗化し,スーフィー教団との分離が進んで,職種別のギルドへと転化したといわれている。ギルドは自主的組織をもち内部自治を維持する仕組みをもってはいたが,反面ではカーディーやムフテシプmuhtesip(ムフタシブ。…

【オスマン帝国】より


【前期】

[版図の拡大]
 1071年のマラーズギルドの戦(ビザンティン帝国とセルジューク朝トルコ)の勝利を契機としてアナトリアへ侵入したトルコ族のうち,オスマンと名のる人物を中心とした勢力がビザンティン国境近くのソユットSöğütに建国した(1299)。この勢力は,中央アジア,イランから移住したトルコ系遊牧民(トルクメン)を人的資源とし,ガージー,アヒー(宗教を媒介とした組織のリーダー),デルウィーシュ(神秘主義教団の修道者),および一部のビザンティン辺境領主(アクリタイ)の協力を得て,国境を拡大し,1326年にブルサを征服して首都とし,さらにニカエア(トルコ名イズニク,1331),ニコメディア(トルコ名イズミト,1337)を攻略して,54年にバルカンへ進出した。61年ころ,アドリアノープル(トルコ名エディルネ)を征服して,ここへ首都を移した。…

【ギルド】より

…結局,10~12世紀のイスラム世界ではギルドの存在を暗示する名辞があるだけで,組織については何もわかっていない。 13~14世紀,アナトリアにアヒーヤ・アルフィトヤーン(青年同胞団)という組織が現れた。これは手工業者の子弟をメンバーにし,友愛と互助精神を理想の倫理規範とする宗教結社的な組織で,フトゥッワとも呼ばれた。…

【フトゥッワ】より

…アッバース朝カリフ,ナーシル(在位1180‐1225)はこれらのフトゥッワを統一して,ウラマー,軍人,高級官僚などをこれに帰属させることにより,かつてのように強大なカリフ権の復活をもくろんだ。その野心的な試みはモンゴル軍のバグダード侵入によって無に帰したものの,ナーシルの理想は小アジアのアヒー(兄弟団)に受け継がれ,13~14世紀へかけて特定の守護聖者をまつる宗教的職業ギルドが多数形成された。一方,このころになるとタリーカ(神秘主義教団)の結成も盛んになり,スーフィーたちは,任俠を貴ぶアイヤールとは異なって,フトゥッワの精神を忍耐と寛容であると解釈し,その実践に努めた。…

※「アヒー」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

<<:  Abi (clothing) - Abi

>>:  Urban Designer

Recommend

Boshubora (Boushuhora) - Boshubora (English spelling) Charonia sauliae

A large snail shell of the family Algalidae. The s...

quantum statical mechanics

…Statistical mechanics is a science that determin...

coalition government

…Under a parliamentary cabinet system, a coalitio...

Police

… The highest political organization of the Sovie...

Olimpio, S. - Olimpio

...Meanwhile, an autonomous government was establ...

Azumie

An inlet in ancient Naniwa. The name probably come...

Kisakata

The former name of a town (Kisagata-machi) in Yur...

Footprints - Quick

〘noun〙① Footprints left on the ground. Footprints....

Catacia - Catacia

...The climate was generally warm, with the Angar...

Sakai Tadakiyo - Please enjoy

A fudai daimyo (feudal lord) in the early Edo per...

Gaochang

An oasis state that flourished in the Turfan Basi...

Siege - Rojo

〘 noun 〙① To be surrounded by enemies and barricad...

Tanetaro Megata

Year of death: September 10, 1926 Year of birth: J...

Nymphasea caerulea (English spelling) Nymphaseacaerulea

…Lotus [Motomi Ito]. … *Some of the terminology t...

Governor

〘noun〙 (governor)① The head (of an organization, e...