A type of high-strength aluminum alloy. Originally the name of a German company that developed this alloy in the early 20th century, it is now widely used and is sometimes used as a synonym for all aluminum alloys. For example, the correct term to use when referring to the "duralumin arcade on the main street" is "aluminum arcade," and duralumin is not used for this purpose. The original duralumin is an alloy of aluminum with 4% copper and small amounts of magnesium and manganese, invented in 1906 by Wilm, an engineer at a metals company in Düren, Germany. When this alloy is heated to about 540°C, quenched in water (hardened), and then left at room temperature, it gradually hardens over a period of 2-3 days in summer and over a week in winter, until it becomes as strong as mild steel (so-called iron). This phenomenon is called room temperature age hardening. Because this alloy is an aluminum alloy, its specific gravity is about one-third that of iron, and its strength per unit weight (strength/weight ratio) is three times that of iron, making it ideal for aircraft, which requires high strength values, and it has been used as a structural material for airplanes ever since. The alloy's name comes from duren and aluminum. Since then, improved alloys have been created with the aim of further improving the strength/weight ratio, and various types of so-called super duralumin have been created, which have a strength that is more than 50% higher than Wilm's duralumin. With the aim of improving this alloy, metallurgical research into the mechanism of age hardening was actively carried out in the first half of the 20th century. As a result, it was found that if an element such as copper, whose solid solubility in aluminum changes greatly, is added in an amount that completely dissolves at high temperatures, and then heated to a certain temperature and quenched, the copper that should be separated by forming a precipitate (CuAl 2 ) is forcibly obtained in a solid solution state, as the solubility decreases during slow cooling. Since this state is irrational for this alloy at room temperature, the alloy has a latent tendency to expel copper and return to its original stable state, and when it is later placed at a certain temperature, if the temperature is high enough, the process of forming the original precipitate progresses, and if it is quite low, the process of forming localized copper-rich areas in the aluminum crystal lattice as a temporary measure progresses, and the alloy hardens as a result. Room temperature aging of duralumin occurs due to changes that correspond to the temporary measure, and magnesium as well as copper contribute to this. [Ryōtsugu Mishima] [Reference item] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
高力アルミニウム合金の一種。元来はこの合金を20世紀初頭に開発したドイツの会社の商品名であったがいまでは広く使われており、すべてのアルミニウム合金の代名詞として用いられることもある。たとえば「目抜き通りのジュラルミンのアーケード」は正しくは「アルミニウムのアーケード」で、この用途にジュラルミンは使わない。 本来のジュラルミンは、アルミニウムに銅4%、および少量のマグネシウムとマンガンを加えた合金で、ドイツのデューレンDürenにあった金属会社の技師ウィルムにより1906年に発明された。この合金は540℃程度に一度加熱してから水中で急冷(焼入れ)したのち常温に放置すると、夏の気温では2~3日、冬でも1週間余りの間に順次硬くなり、軟鋼(いわゆる鉄材)なみの強さまであがる。この現象は常温の時効硬化といわれる。 この合金はアルミニウム合金なので、比重は鉄の約3分の1であり、同一重量当りの強さ(強さ/重量比)は鉄材の3倍となるため、この値の大きいことを要求する航空機用材に最適で、以来今日まで飛行機の機体用の構造材となっている。合金名はデューレンとアルミニウムとに由来する。その後さらに強さ/重量比の改善を目ざしての改良合金がつくられ、いわゆる超ジュラルミンが種々つくられたので、強さはウィルムのジュラルミンに比べ50%以上向上している。 この合金改良の目的をも兼ね、時効硬化のおこる機構について金属物理学的な研究が20世紀前半に精力的に行われた。その結果、このようにアルミニウムに対する固溶度が大きく変わる銅のような元素を高温では完全に固溶する量を加えておき、ある温度まで加熱して急冷すると、徐冷の際に溶解度の減少に応じて吐き出され、析出物(CuAl2)をつくって分離すべき銅が強制的に固溶したままの状態で得られることがわかった。こういう状態は常温でのこの合金の状態としては不合理なので、合金は銅を吐き出して本来の安定状態に戻ろうという傾向を潜在的にもつことになり、あとである温度下に置くと、その温度が十分高ければ本来の析出物をつくる過程、かなり低ければ暫定措置としてアルミニウムの結晶格子の中に局部的に銅の濃いところをつくる過程が進行し、これにつれて硬化する。ジュラルミンの常温時効は暫定措置にあたる変化によりおこり、銅のほかマグネシウムもこれに寄与する。 [三島良續] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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