Exchange transfusion

Japanese: 交換輸血 - こうかんゆけつ
Exchange transfusion

It was developed as a treatment for hemolytic disease of the newborn caused by mother-child blood type incompatibility, by replacing the whole blood by transfusion while exsanguination of the newborn's blood. After the relationship between the onset of kernicterus and serum bilirubin concentration was clarified, it has come to be performed on newborns with a certain level of total serum bilirubin (20 milligrams per deciliter) or higher, regardless of blood type incompatibility. Recently, it has also been used for diseases other than severe jaundice, such as infections and drug poisoning.

The blood is exchanged with fresh heparinized blood (blood that has been prevented from clotting with heparin) or ACD blood that has been prevented from clotting with sodium citrate, at a volume approximately twice the total blood volume of the newborn, and antibodies are removed along with the bilirubin in the blood. This is more effective if it is done over a period of about two hours. There are two methods: alternating between repeated bloodletting and transfusion using one vein, or continuous simultaneous bloodletting from the artery and continuous blood transfusion from the vein, but the former is generally more common. Ideally, blood should be removed and infused from each of the two umbilical arteries to keep the circulating blood volume constant. In severe cases, this may be done not just once, but two or three times, or sometimes several times.

[Masamichi Sakagami]

[Reference] | Kernicterus

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

新生児の血液を瀉血(しゃけつ)しながら輸血して全血液を置換することで、母子の血液型不適合による新生児溶血性疾患の治療法として開発されたものである。核黄疸(おうだん)の発症と血清ビリルビン濃度との関係が明らかにされてからは、血液型不適合にかかわりなく血清総ビリルビン量が一定レベル(1デシリットルにつき20ミリグラム)以上の新生児に対して行われるようになった。最近は重症黄疸以外の疾患、感染症、薬物中毒などにも行われている。

 新生児の全血液量の約2倍の新鮮ヘパリン血(ヘパリンで凝固を防いだ血液)またはクエン酸ナトリウムで凝固を防いだACD血を用いて血液を交換し、血中のビリルビンとともに抗体も除去する。2時間くらいかけて行ったほうが効果的である。1本の静脈を使って交互に瀉血と輸血を繰り返す方法と、動脈からの瀉血と静脈からの輸血を同時に持続的に行う方法があるが、一般には前者の場合が多い。理想的には2本の臍(さい)動脈からそれぞれ除去と注入を行って循環血液量が一定に保たれるようにしたほうがよい。重症の例では単に1回にとどまらず2、3回、ときには数回にわたって行われることがある。

[坂上正道]

[参照項目] | 核黄疸

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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