Exchange force

Japanese: 交換力 - こうかんりょく(英語表記)exchange force
Exchange force

In the microscopic world of atoms, molecules, atomic nuclei, and elementary particles, the force that brings about the exchange of charge, spin, and position between two interacting particles. It is a force that changes depending on the state of the interacting particles, and is a force unique to quantum theory that does not appear in classical theory. For example, in the nuclear force that arises when charged π (pi) mesons π + and π - are exchanged between a proton and a neutron, an exchange of charge occurs between a proton p and a neutron n. When a π meson is exchanged between nucleons (a collective term for p and n), the π meson carries angular momentum, so it can change the direction of the nucleon's spin (intrinsic angular momentum). The nuclear force potential that arises is a function of the relative distance between two nucleons multiplied by an operator that gives the exchange of charge and spin. It can also be expressed in a form that includes an operator for position exchange. In a broad sense, any interaction between elementary particles that brings about a change in the quantum state inherent to the particle, such as charge or spin, can be called an exchange force. Regarding the forces between atoms and molecules, the force between the constituent particles is the Coulomb force, which is determined only by the relative distance, but electrons obey the Pauli principle (also known as the Pauli exclusion principle; this property means that only one electron can be in a quantum state, and the total wave function of the electron system must be antisymmetric with respect to electron swapping), so the force acting between atoms changes depending on the state of the electron system. For example, in a hydrogen molecule, if the composite spin of the two electrons is 0 (single state), the force is attractive, but if it is 1 (triple state), it is repulsive. This type of force is an exchange force that can be described using the spin exchange operator.

[Ryozo Tamagaki]

[Reference] | Pauli's principle

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

原子・分子、原子核、素粒子などの微視的世界において、相互作用をしている2粒子間で荷電、スピン、位置の交換をもたらす力。相互作用している粒子の状態によって変わる力で、古典理論では現れない量子論に特有の力である。たとえば、陽子と中性子の間に荷電π(パイ)中間子π+とπ-が交換されて生ずる核力では、陽子pと中性子nの間で荷電の交換がおこる。核子(pとnの総称)間にπ中間子が交換されると、π中間子は角運動量を運ぶので、核子のスピン(固有角運動量)の向きを変化させうる。生じる核力ポテンシャルは、2核子間の相対距離の関数に、荷電やスピンの交換を与える演算子を乗じた形となる。これはまた、位置交換の演算子を含む形でも表すことができる。素粒子間の相互作用で、荷電やスピンのような粒子固有の量子状態の変化をもたらすものは、広い意味で交換力ともいえる。原子や分子の間の力については、構成粒子間の力は相対距離のみによるクーロン力であるが、電子はパウリの原理(パウリの排他律ともいう。一つの量子状態には1個の電子しか入れないという性質で、電子系の全波動関数は電子の入れ替えに対して反対称でなければならない)に従うので、原子間に働く力は電子系の状態によって変化する。たとえば、水素分子では、二つの電子の合成スピンが0(一重状態)なら引力的だが、1(三重状態)では斥力的となる。このような力は、スピン交換演算子を用いて記述できる交換力である。

[玉垣良三]

[参照項目] | パウリの原理

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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