Commutative law

Japanese: 交換法則 - こうかんほうそく(英語表記)commutative law
Commutative law
It is also called the commutative law. Suppose a binary operation * is defined between any two elements x and y in a set S. When the relationship x * y = y * x holds for this operation (associative), the operation is said to be commutative, and the law expressed by this relationship is called the commutative law. Well-known operations for which the commutative law holds include the following:
(1) Addition (+) and multiplication (×) of numbers, including natural numbers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, real numbers, and complex numbers.
x + y = y + x , x × y = y × x
(2) Union ∪ and intersection ∩ for subsets of a set.
xy = yx , xy = yx
(3) Disjunctions (forming logical OR) ∨ and conjunctions (forming logical AND) ∧ of propositions in symbolic logic.
xy = yx , xy = yx
(4) Addition (+) of vectors, and multiplication (-) to create an inner product.
x + y = y + x , xy = yx
The commutative law does not hold for square matrix multiplication. In general, in a transformation group, the order in which the transformations are repeated has an effect, so the commutative law does not necessarily hold.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
交換律ともいう。集合 Sの任意の2元 xyの間にある2項演算*が定義されているとする。この演算 (結合法) に関して,xyyxという関係が成り立つとき,この演算は可換であるといい,この関係式で示される法則を交換法則という。交換法則が成り立つ演算でよく知られているものとしては,次のようなものがある。
(1) 自然数,有理数,無理数,実数,あるいは複素数など数についての加法+,および乗法×。
xyyxx×yy×x
(2) ある集合の部分集合についての結び∪および交わり∩。
xyyxxyyx
(3) 記号論理における命題についての選言詞 (論理和をつくる) ∨,および連言詞 (論理積をつくる) ∧。
xyyxxyyx
(4) ベクトルについての加法+,および内積をつくる乗法・。
xyyxxyyx
正方行列の乗法は交換法則が成り立たない。一般に変換群では,変換を繰返す順序が影響するので,交換法則が成立するとはかぎらないわけである。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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