Evaluation - Kouka

Performance evaluation of government officials under the Ritsuryo system. In the Ritsuryo system's selection method, government officials were divided into Naichoujo (full-time central government officials), Naibunban (part-time central government officials), Gechojo (full-time local government officials), and Gesan'i (part-time local government officials, later called Gebunban), with the prerequisite for performance evaluation being that Gechojo worked more than 240 days a year, and Gesan'i more than 140 days a year. Next, Naichoujo was rated by the head of the Honji in 9 ranks, from top to bottom, based on the virtue standard of "goodness" and the job performance standard of "best," while the rest were rated by the head of the Honji in 3 ranks, from top to bottom, based on their work situation (Gunji and Gunki were 4 ranks, from top to bottom). These performance evaluations were then accumulated for a certain number of years (this was called the "selection period" and the number of years was called the "selection period"), and the ranks were advanced based on the overall performance. The initial selection periods were six years for Naichojo, eight years for Naibunban, ten years for Gaichojo, and twelve years for Gaisan-i, but in 706 (Keiun 3), each period was shortened by two years.

[Hiroshi Terauchi]

"Revised Edition: Study of the Ritsuryo Official System" by Tadao Nomura (1978, Yoshikawa Kobunkan)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

律令制下における官人の勤務評定。令制の考選法では、官職は内長上(ないちょうじょう)（常勤の中央官人）、内分番(ないぶんばん)（非常勤の中央官人）、外長上(げちょうじょう)（常勤の地方官人）、外散位(げさんい)（非常勤の地方官人。のちに外分番(げぶんばん)と呼ばれた）に区分されるが、長上は年間の勤務日数が240日以上、分番は140日以上が勤務評定の前提となる。次に内長上は「善」という徳目的基準と「最」という職務達成基準により上上から下下の9等で、その他は勤務状況によって上から下までの3等（郡司(ぐんじ)と軍毅(ぐんき)は上から下下の4等）で、本司の長官により評定された。そして、こうした勤務評定を一定の年数積み重ね（これを成選(じょうせん)といい、その年数を選限(せんげん)という）、その総合成績により位階が進められた。当初の選限は、内長上6年、内分番8年、外長上10年、外散位12年であったが、706年（慶雲3）にそれぞれ2年ずつ短縮された。

［寺内　浩］

『野村忠夫著『増訂版　律令官人制の研究』（1978・吉川弘文館）』

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